Rural Public Goods Supply System Past and Present

 Article Keywords: Thesis Rural Public Goods Supply System: Past, Present and Reconstruction This article comes from: Asia Paper Network  and cities to implement two different sets of public goods supply system, resulting in a historic event of default of public goods in rural areas are more serious shortage of supply. rural tax reform, grassroots deterioration to some extent, the financial position of the Government, is bound to further affect the rural public the number of product supply and structural optimization. In order to improve production conditions in rural areas and improving their living standards, promoting urban and rural development, rebuild the mechanism of rural public goods extraordinary practical significance. Construction and improvement. In theory, the national government is responsible for public goods provided by the center, regional public goods provided by local government. However, a long time, but the supply of public goods in rural areas rely mainly on the farmers themselves, which species extremely unreasonable direct consequence of the institutional arrangements in rural areas the input to change the status of public goods in rural areas, and inconsistent with China's basic national conditions. In China, the construction of the basic framework of public finance, how to meet our current commitment to the system of rural public goods, worth considering. one system of rural public goods stage characteristics of long time, the supply of public goods in the implementation of two policies, urban public goods provided by the state basically, and public goods in rural areas there is considerable the proportion of self-financing by farmers or by the final implementation of the agriculture and the peasants small water conservancy facilities, such as subsidies, drought and other fees are very small. In fact, to ; institutional arrangements of the product. In this arrangement, the industry is the whole people, finance its expenditures as This at least is on the same farmers with Chinese citizenship discrimination, exclusion and even the peasants in the a considerable proportion is borne by the farmers themselves, although this supply mechanism at different times have different institutional forms, but the basic pattern, almost no significant change in real terms and nature of the difference. (a) the people's commune period Rural Public Goods Supply System. Jianguo, China's modernization chosen industrialization and urbanization model of economic development. In the planned economy system, the state with its buyer's market for agricultural products and agricultural production, the double monopoly seller, through the Industrial and Agricultural Products arrangements, within the system of rural public goods supply was inadequate, and mainly rely on foreign supply system, [2] that the farmers in the communes to vote under the unified arrangement of work, money and labor, communes (collective) points to farmers evaluate smb. 's work. On the surface In the planned economic system, mainly in rural public goods provided by the communes, in fact, ; payment. without changing the output of labor, increasing the fraction of the total workers, which means reducing the value of work points, and its essence is mainly provided by the farmers themselves public goods in rural areas. (b) Tax reform and opening to the public prior to the reform of rural product supply system. rural tax reform, the burden of farmers from the four components: a state tax; the second is paid to the collective organization of various Tongchoutiliu and land contracting fees, including the village reserve of the fund, the Community Chest, governance fee, rural education surcharge, family planning fees, special care fee, militia training fees, building fees, and rural roads; third is a variety of administrative fees, Education funding, rural production and within the scope of public welfare fund raising and a variety of assessed , fines and fees; Fourth, according to national laws and regulations, the rural labor force to be borne by each volunteer and the accumulation of work. It can be seen from the peasants constitute a tax and fee reform in rural areas before the supply of public goods in rural people's commune system and there is no essential during the of changes in the provision of public goods in rural areas is still the main farmers, the difference is that farmers in the commune during the public goods aspects of the investment was do not know their own burden. the household contract responsibility system, farmers in rural public goods, in fact, the burden falls on the head of families and individuals, and most of the monetary, and farmers know their burden. In fact, farmers have become the main body of rural tax and fee burden, due to lagging rural administrative governance reform, and rural public goods are not in place to provide the main form the growing burden of farmers Tax major factor. (c) of the rural tax reform in rural public goods supply. China's rural tax reform pilot project in Anhui province from the beginning, to more than 20 provinces in full swing, has lasted for three years. from the rural tax reform plan the specific details of view: to adjust the tax basis of the agricultural tax and agricultural tax additional; abolition of the slaughter tax and a variety of co-ordination, retention, and phasing out labor accumulation, volunteer; through higher levels of government transfer payments to fill the financial gap in primary; village collective production and set up a variety of other funds needed for public welfare, to take a proposed various systems to regulate government behavior, blocking the grass-roots government to farmers, there is hope, arbitrary charges of the public product supply system, establishment of a government to provide the main mechanism for rural public goods, involving agricultural production and living environment of farmers to provide public goods, is still based on farmers supply of public goods in rural areas out of the main responsibilities. Second, the rural tax reform on the supply of public goods in rural areas adversely affected by the reform of rural taxes and fees arising from operation of rural financial problems worse, is an indisputable fact, from which the rural public the supply of products is very clear. (a) of the rural tax reform has further aggravated the financial difficulties the grassroots, which restricts the supply of rural public goods mechanism updates. China's rural tax reform in 1994 established within the framework of governance systems. In the focus to the provincial government, while cities and counties can only focus on the township's property rights. [3] However, from the division of power is divided in property rights, the government assumed the primary (mostly government officials taking the initiative to fight for performance) and its financial extremely considerable powers. In the past, financial power mode by mode and the asymmetric division of powers is the primary government action is not standardized institutional incentives, rural tax reform has become the primary financial difficulties mainly due to the government. [3] In recent years the practice has shown that rural tax reform in reducing the burden of farmers and also result in more insufficient funds grass-roots level, through higher levels of government transfer payments can barely fill the The only way out is to streamline the contradictions grassroots government agencies to reduce the financial dependents. Thus, the rural tax reform has a dual objective: to reduce the burden on farmers, the reform grass-roots government. rural tax reform objectives referring to the grass-roots government revenue mechanism, and thus directly related to the primary activities of government spending and achieve financial power model by model and symmetric division of powers, which is deep-seated reform of rural taxes and fees goals. rural tax reform goals of the deep-rooted not only adjustments related to personal interests, but also the enormous amount of financial support to meet the basic needs of the Government to streamline the economic costs of government officials. At present, although the township administrative system has also been some moves, but no money to pay staff to be compressed relocation compensation fee (per capita of about 3 million), mostly of reducing the financial burden remains the same. at the grassroots level further aggravated the financial difficulties of the case, the township government can not afford to strong streamline financial dependents, some places the burden on peasants rebound. Sichuan farmers from the land, families from the phenomenon has not been alleviated, which is the visual performance of their burdens rebound. In the context of public finance reform, public finance framework Government is the main provision of public goods, which in rural areas should not be an exception. to local grassroots government, whose basic function is to provide more and better local public goods, including maintaining law and order in rural areas, urban development planning in the development of small , construction of rural infrastructure, rural basic education and training of farmers, rural social security system and so on. However, the primary government only to maintain the existing supply of public goods in rural areas to encounter, the reality of choice is: either a small provision of public goods or further responsibility to provide public goods to farmers. In theory, adopt a very fragile foundation, combined with a certain level of farmers basically to go out to work, public goods provided by the government less able to pass on the issue of farmers themselves will not work. rural tax reforms have yet to update the supply of public goods related to the problem of rural, agricultural production, rural infrastructure and public welfare undertakings set up the necessary funds, is still falls mainly on the economic strength of the poor farmers. (b) of fragile economic base of rural, agricultural economy is slow, difficult to meet its own demand for public goods in rural areas, between urban and rural areas more able to fill the huge gap between the level of public goods. In poor and backward China the socialist modernization drive, had to sacrifice the interests of farmers at the cost. For a long time, the Chinese government introduced to the industrial, urban bias resource allocation strategy, agriculture, rural finance through the financial, banking channels, the flow of industrial and urban, industrial and agricultural Product scissors, widening gap between urban and rural areas, while becoming less and less agricultural comparative advantage, the relative decline in income of the farmers. [4] in order to maintain this blocking migration between urban and rural areas. reform and opening up, the household contract responsibility system, the implementation of the life of the rural economy and farmers have greatly improved, but history had left a large urban and rural economic and social development gap, excessive burden on farmers has not been completely resolved the problem. In the past, only the agricultural wealth of material created by the transfer to industry, and now is in the outward transfer of material wealth, while in rural areas outside funds through bank credit transfer, large-scale rural talent Transfer to the city, this supply system, the new county tax revenue directly affects the progressive realization of urban and rural public goods supply Jundeng requires almost impossible. Currently, the majority of rural basic education funding burden falls on the peasants; farmers in many parts of the minimum living system has not been established; of the total population is only 66% of rural residents have less than 20% of health resources, most of the cooperative medical care is paralyzed; [4], the basic construction of farmland water conservancy farmers mainly rely on their accumulated investment in hh. before Soon, the Centre National Radio reported on the Shandong Shouguang (county-level cities) to implement the ; absence to answer. but this case shows that the Government has to some extent on the lack of supply of public goods in rural areas and the absence of government level. (c) . from the Public Distribution Theory, whether farmers or urban residents pay taxes to the government as long as, the government is obliged to provide public goods to the taxpayer; starting from the principle of fairness, the Government of Charges by the government only provides a paid service to take place. tax reform, townships and village reserve to pay farmers the agricultural tax to the government, to raise the cost of basic pay of public organizations should be rewarded, however, the fact is autonomous organizations known as the village committee, in fact, has become the agency of the township government, the public cost of belonging to the rural townships and village reserve a grass-roots financial to increase the staff, behavior offside economic foundation, as farmers increasingly heavy burden on the system root. Thus, the tax reform, the agricultural tax to replace additional townships and village reserve, its legitimacy is questionable. rural public goods are mainly basic education, construction of rural roads, irrigation facilities, rural power grids, cable TV networks, in addition to basic education with a national public goods nature of the outside (because education has a spillover effect, in real life, rural basic education, basic training or personnel transport to cities and developed regions, the vast majority have not returned to the rural poor), and the remaining areas are local public goods, and its main benefit is the area farmers. [5] According to the theory of public goods, the cost of provision of public goods should benefit of the main commitments. the farmers turned over to the state after the agricultural tax and agricultural levies, the national public goods provided by the central government, and in fact the burden of farmers most of the cost of basic education in rural areas; the supply of local public goods by local governments be addressed through financial means, the amount of supply by the local government revenue and determine, and can no longer reach farmers. public goods are still borne by the farmers themselves. Therefore, the a change means that the same public goods of the same family unit area farmers land contract because of the different number of different factors such as population, income, which determines the supply of public goods in rural areas decision-making process, the public will of the difficulty and complexity of integration sex. peasant family on how to express the demand for public goods, who will integrate the various families are . In the current administrative system, if the government continue to be grass-roots decision-making for farmers, then the effectively suppressed the circumstances, will make the manufacture of various local government performance projects, the continuation of the behavior of image projects, which can not fundamentally solve the problem of heavy burdens of farmers, there operating difficulties. Third, the supply of public goods in rural areas Reconstruction of the current system, in China's vast rural areas, there is an objective historical event of default and the inadequate supply of public goods and because of the tax system and the rural county tax reform cause financial difficulties, do not have enough funds to maintain their public products the dilemma of providing the level of let it go, the gap is bound to make public goods in rural areas is widening. The theoretical analysis of public goods in rural areas to compensate for the historic event of default, county and township fiscal problems are the shortage of funds dependent on the rural economy development, and rural economic development and is based on the effective supply of public goods in rural areas based on conditions. historic event of default of rural public goods and the shortage of financial resources directly affect the county and township rural effective supply of public goods, which restricts the progress and public utilities in rural areas rural economic development. the level of rural public goods and rural development in the interdependence between the two shows: at this stage in the country's rural economic policies, while emphasizing the development of the economy, we must increase the supply of public goods in rural areas; and by improving the level of public goods supply in rural areas to change the conditions of agricultural production and rural living conditions is real difficult to resolve financial resources of local governments, and requires the help of innovative mechanisms for public goods supply in rural areas. (a) identify the supply of public goods from the decision-making mechanism and the difference in decision-making mechanism needs to start to establish an effective mechanism of public decision-making power configuration. by David - Easton's point of view, public decision-making is essentially An authority on the social value of distribution activities. reflects supply and demand of rural public goods and public decision-making unreasonable allocation of resources resulting from distorted, so the supply system of rural public goods re-established decision-making power must be addressed configuration issues. a result of individual rational decision-making game equilibrium may not be able to achieve social welfare maximization, so the individual decision-making in some way a certain limit is self-organization of human society is an important performance. on the public goods necessary for the individual decision-making, and determine how much supply and how the supply of public goods is a collective decision-making. Obviously, the supply of public goods can not replace the decision making of public demand for the product. If you say that the demand for public goods in rural representation in decision-making mechanism should be So the supply of public goods in rural areas policy should be financial, government code of conduct is to provide public services for the community, which is the establishment of rural public goods, supply system, the establishment of central, provincial, county, farmers, four in one system of rural public goods supply. developed theory of public goods according to the size range of services, usually divided into national public goods, public goods, regional public goods and community-based public goods, public goods in different areas of the main supply should be different. existing national public goods in rural areas. there are regional and community-based, to distinguish the vast rural areas is a clear public goods nature of the main supply point. From the theoretical analysis, national public goods provided by the central government, regional public goods provided by local governments, and community-based public goods provided by the community. But the face of China's specific and extraordinary circumstances, the the implementation of the theory has its limitations. the tax system, the fiscal revenue to the direction from the center of the trend is clearly focused on the provincial government, central and provincial levels so that revenue is relatively affluent, especially the financial center of the rise; extraordinary rural tax reform, county and township fiscal general not only contrary to the principles of fairness and benefit, and its result can only be castles in the air. In the case of county financial difficulties, the current supply system, if not fundamental change, current supply in rural areas will continue to deteriorate . Therefore, the state should be based on the different nature of public goods in rural areas, and establish the center, provincial, county, farmers, four in one system of rural public goods supply. adopt a center-led provincial levels of government, county and township finances properly complementary way, focus on solving the current agricultural economy, farmers living closely related problem of the supply of public goods. Accordingly, we believe that central government should provide basic education, the current increase at least through the center of the Midwest transfer payments, and then dominated by the provincial government to provide basic education, basic education is extraordinary, especially in rural areas should be so; more difficult in the current county financial situation, rural roads, irrigation facilities, rural power grids, cable TV networks, and other aspects of the provision of public goods problem, the provincial government through transfer payments to the county government to solve, mainly by the provincial government remarkable to emphasize that rural roads should be subject to change from the past to the peasants as the county government as the main building into the overall regional transportation planning: ; public goods. (c) fully respect the wishes of the majority of the needs of farmers and ensure the effectiveness of rural public goods. the supply of public goods in rural areas is the public decision making, public interest-oriented decision-making, not only to public decision-making positions and the starting point of the problem, also involves the desire to achieve the methods of work. is an extraordinary group of farmers, the low level of organization. This situation is their organization in the same non-agricultural sector and government transactions, negotiations, an important reason for the disadvantaged, but also their difficult to participate in national public policy that reflects their interests and demands of the main sticking point. In the process of rural public goods, how objective and truly reflect the wishes of farmers is not just a public policy issue, but a fundamental interest is the political representative of the peasants issues. because the imbalance of regional economic development, public goods in different parts of the supply and demand levels vary widely, to take the same intensity or the same standard, uniform standard of rural public goods provision, ignoring the majority of farmers in different stages of economic development on public goods different needs of the differences, certainly difficult to achieve the desired results. So, how true and accurate grasp of the different regions and different stages of economic development of farmers on the real needs of rural public goods is particularly important. In the long run, this goal implementation, must establish a way to accurately reflect the expressed needs of farmers mechanism in respect based on the will of the majority of farmers, encouraging farmers to participate in decision making in rural public goods and the implementation process, the formation of the government and farmers in decision making, to ensure that rural effective supply of public goods. For the immediate, it must be for the low level of farmer organizations, individual quality is not high in the special case, the principle of respect for the villagers self-government, effectively reflect the public goods of the peasants under the premise of the actual needs of the county and township governments and village organizations in accordance with the On the other hand, assessment index system of Local Government should be to provide public goods in rural areas mainly to create. (d) developing new sources of funds for public goods in rural areas to meet rural economic development and rising living standards of farmers needs. Since public goods can either directly by the government's public budget supply, you can also force the government to finance indirectly through non-governmental organizations, and different ways to supply in parallel. Thus, direct government production of public goods is the supply of, or which level The government's indirect supply, and in what manner the supply, the core of the problem is funding. At present, 66% of the total population of the rural population in a vast territory, large population, widespread supply of public goods in rural areas set up to adapt to a large gap rural economic and social development of rural public goods supply system in the state's financial strength is not very strong premise, relying on government forces unilaterally There is clearly difficult. [4] At this stage, the supply of public goods in rural areas should adhere to the Government directly to the main supply of the public budget, the same time, public land resource-based economy to a market need for natural resources and capital into such a public way, the introduction of private capital in a large number of rural public goods provision, or to the Government and private joint supply, such as the . . Economic Research, 1997, (6). [3] Jia Kang, Bai Jingming. county financial siege and the Fiscal System [J]. Economic Research, 2002, (2). [4] Hu. influence decisions of the national situation report [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2002. [5] dynasty before, Wu Xiaojuan. . investment in rural infrastructure and agricultural rescue [J]. Economists, 2002, (5).