Millennium in love

 Millennium in love
he and she is mortal husband and wife in a pair of unusual, there have been sweet when love, marries the gluey, more days, they fall into the unusual. Her household, he went out to make money, three meals a day, but also light.
that day, he drove out about a business.
suddenly discovered he was brake failure, and at that time, he was driving on a highway.
he tried to reduce the throttle, maybe it is because of panic, do not throttle down even smaller. His car rushed forward step by step, wide roads, Jing Si million too abyss.
he could not help dial the phone rang at home. Her voice sounded over the phone, his confusion of the heart, the moment actually becomes very peaceful. He asked quietly: doing what?
She said: I'm cooking it.
He pretended great interest to say: What good's it? Remember to leave some for me.
She laughed, and of course for you. Then, strangely enough, ask to call back today, think of how, why?
he suddenly became gentle enough: customers not to, I was sitting in a teahouse in the other person does, suddenly wanted to talk to you ... ...
went to the highway in front of the exit, many cars are on order toll in the past. His car continued to slide forward, failure to take measures, is bound to hit the go, the results would be unthinkable.
try to adjust his tone, and gently said to her: My client immediately to, and I hang up ah. Honey, you have to carry. I love you.
her happiness was almost dizzy in the past, he wildly entangled a thousand times smaller woman asked him, you love me? He showed great impatience, and even then, she lost observation, if the water is vanishing day. She thought she was wrong he was originally, in fact, been in love, never had the slightest change. For a time, she Rouchang and turns. She Duizhuohuatong gently back: I love you, so you go home.
her, with flowers, distant land floated into his ears. Smile to his face floating, hanging up the phone and shoved a steering wheel, the car rushed to the right side of the fence. In the car that moment it hit the guardrail, but unexpectedly, A land of sun, shining, to shake his open eyes, and he collapsed like a V to the steering wheel.
evening, he returned home. Saw her on the balcony, far gallop over to meet him. He opened his arms, hugged her, and prolonged and not willing to let go. Out the window, is peace and prosperity, bright Love.

Such activities should be considered a girl you are very strong

 Received sweet text messages, remember to smile, and then deleted. -
2. to find ways to make money, not how to save money. -
3. angry, count to 30, and then speak. -
4. like things their own efforts to buy, do not expect a gift. -
5. eat more fruit juice drink less, eat snacks, drink plenty of water, take a multi-station less and less like to see more, Shaoyueduozuo, less nostalgia and more vision. -
6.'ll never be a second man as the father so loved you, so of course men love my father. -
8. Do not think to find a rich man to have it all. Young girls in the world, more like a container on the cola, drink drink does not matter. -
9. swallowed resolutely not spit it out, so think carefully before eating. Love is. -
10. lonely, do not listen to slow songs, nostalgia, or tired of dead-line, stand up and do sports or go to friends gossip. -
11. seen through the time, pretending not to see through. -
13. working for you, and your idle is definitely not the same person. -
14. good sunscreen, but remember that properly to the sun. Mood will carry out photosynthesis. True. -
15. really fancy stuff to buy, do not borrow money. Really like the man on the chase, what. -
16. bank cards do not use her boyfriend's birthday. -
17. never complained to the former lover. -
18. before leaving, according to the time and intensity of walking shoes to wear to consider. -
19. to read good books, strive to improve the taste. -
20. you can find cheap clothes, but remember the price higher than the grade. -
21. the table is always better than cosmetics, skin care products more expensive, good for the woman to keep in tune better. -
22. cultivate the habit of keeping a diary, even fragmentary. -
23. can not agree, but learn to respect. -
24. pay attention to heart, but do not neglect appearance. -
25. do not decide, let the time to help you decide. If you still can not decide to do a repeat. Would rather make mistakes, no regrets! 26. They can do things, and resolutely own. Do not believe that others are not, but do not rely on others. 27. Do not get sick as an excuse to win favors. Ill, his doctor to take medicine, do not regard themselves as patients.28. Do not think of themselves as women to think that many should be 29. Is pretty is a God thing, like it or not is another thing, or happy is their own business. 30. Do not for whom loss of self, once the loss of self, will nothing.

Most real Gemini

 Read Eight Key words
Gemini Gemini is aloof because they are self-confident, Gemini is changeable because the world is changing, Gemini impatient because they found is not worth the Twin indifference because they are afraid of being hurt, twin bother because they did not find true love, Gemini does not care because you do not see them sensitive.
laugh laugh
Gemini is always the most simple, no matter what time you will see the twin have been laughing because they had only wanted to give others their own happiness, only the sadness yourself, you have not seen the twin tears because he had never been before will not cry when you see the tears when the twin, so that you are really put their heart away, because the twin really need to rely on a worthwhile, he will care about you every moment of all, they are very sensitive, and will follow your happiness, follow your grief, sorrow, is changed to follow you, but They have always been in front of you happy.

love love the mention of Twin, ordinary people would say definitely:
Gemini most bother. But really the case? Gemini and a good relationship with the opposite sex simply because they unusual affinity, and Gemini's really only one, when he found, he would give his all to each other to be happy, he can not his own and each other together, he wanted each other's happiness, and would feel very easy-going with the twin, because he will accommodate you all, all your strengths and weaknesses, and the Twins will not feel locked together, you just do what you Just because the Twins like is the real you, the people will not be affected twin's heart. Some people say that strong

Gemini is very strong, do not care, Yeah, the surface of the twin really strong, but inside they are fragile than anyone, and perhaps this is a sign that the wind characteristics, never let others see his softer side, as they are a pair of angel wings, others can not see, are born to bring joy to others, Gemini, tears are transparent, others can not see, but was able to see their own very clear and transparent like the tears of pain to bring their own double.
interpersonal
Gemini's popularity is good because they know what do you need help, and Gemini will be based on different people have different way of communication, Gemini is easy to believe others, it often will be deception, but they still will after cheating gently smiled and said: okay, I'm sure there will be because he cheated. Gemini never know what regret, as they always are for others to always put ourselves in, but so people do not know, because he helped other people too much, so when he needs help but always is alone, and then continued with a smile, a smile to find a corner, leaving the sinking transparent tears.
Friends
friends when the Twins really happy Oh! Because when you encounter any difficulties, he will be more anxious than you, or even lose their precious things will help you, he will bring joy to help you share your sorrow, but you do not see him alone and without help, when the Twins see you unhappy, no matter how depressed when he had, he would immediately reveal the true smile to help you.
persistent
said changeable Gemini, it is just one-sided, for the Twins really like, it is feared will be persistent, because the heart too much like a child too simple, so for what they really like things, they do not know what to give up, unless they found that this thing is not worth their own, otherwise they will never give up, as long as they are certain, they will have exceeded a lot of perseverance and dedication to others .
twin's self-esteem self-esteem
very important to them is probably the most important, they know how to forgive, many times to try to forgive, even if others let themselves full of holes, they will have unconditional their tolerance, have their own principles and forgive, because their self-esteem, their self-esteem so that they believe the world is always the best, because their self-esteem is not allowed to give up the world.
share
in the world do not share twin, only you or me, they will not put something to share with others because they believe that this thing is so unfair, because he cares everyone feeling everything, as long as he thinks this thing is that they can break away, he will definitely unconditional withdrawal of the sake of others, for their lover cheated, he would choose to forgive, but never again and them, because he understands this is not worth it.
Geminis really cute, really need people to protect and comfort, they will not renounce the world, but it will give up on himself the sake of others, they know how to forgive and understand, no matter how much he hated the second a person, the next second see the weak side of the man, he will go to help him unconditionally, really silly, right? But the silly cute, good people feel bad, painful later, they still laugh about the way the unknown future, continue to forgive, to understand, to happiness, to the silly with, Gemini is really difficult to change, right? Because their hearts are made of diamond, but not that they ruthless, dedicated just for their own, so the arrogant one, only for themselves, because they do not know how to express their hearts, so they chose silence .

Known as the world's most cattle photos

 The highest level of

bathing the highest level of betrayal and the highest level of

pants

the highest state of fighting the highest level of hairdressing



The highest level of fruit



jump the highest level of the highest state of

Mahjong round kick to steal the highest level of the highest state of




the highest level of discount notes




the highest level of play sand apple




the highest level of sleep


the highest level of the highest state police

the highest level of the hotel advertising the highest level of smoking



the highest level of eggs < br>
the highest level of the tree -Benz

the highest level of



TV ads

not see the highest state police



in the history of Spider-Man made ​​the most secure bicycle

balance so cool you



It was wonderful to share to friends and classmates.

Ancient Astronomical Instruments

 Having fun finishing ...
Xuanji Pier
. As documented briefly, meaning difficult to understand, since the Han Dynasty have two different views: one Lord astrology, said that a main instrument. Qian advocated Xuanji Pier is the Big Dipper, Big Dipper, the so-called l Xuanji Pier to Qi Qizheng r. Kea, the Fourth Estate, Fifth Pier, opened the sixth sun, the seventh wave of light. one to four for the Quebec, five to seven for the spoon (handle), together for the fight. Home yin yang cloth, so called Big Dipper. also also, ji are a few also, micro also, the actors change Jiwei and large, that the Xuanji the actual occurrence of Xuanji that the North Pole. . starting from the Han Dynasty that Xuanji Pier is also the instrument a lot of people, Kong Anguo said: Xuanji Pier as Kea, who is for the value to jade worth, depending on the degree of their line. not informed that the matter found by the test day provided, however, regarding the chi value. Kei Heng who is also term of the present of the armillary sphere. parts: one is upright in the ground or a stone pillar on the benchmark, after the use of Chinese bronze, called the table; a north-south direction for the flat of the foot is called Guyana. Tu Gui The length can be assumed that round solar terms, the length film from the table to determine a return to cyclical changes in (see) of the number of days. Table shadow north of the moment is the local apparent solar time (see Day) at noon, can be used to Correction clepsydra. from the not documented. the ancient Han Dynasty, said after the agreement on behalf of 8 feet high, the Western Han Dynasty (AD 544) of Tai Shi Yu Kwong Order Nanjing used in this table measuring 9 feet tall shadow, which is a rare exception. Yuan Kuo Shou-ching to the table to 36 feet high, and the top of the table plus an overhead beam from the heart to Gui Liang surface 40 feet, so to improve the accuracy of measuring impact; and create scene breaks, to address the shortcomings of the table overhead light, and can measure the impact on long plane center (see Dengfeng Observatory) . Ming Xing Yun Lu Wanli system in 60-foot table, the highest in Chinese history, the high table. to the Qing Dynasty and a 10-foot table.
It is easy to move the Tugui. Han Dynasty records, was in the beginning four years (101 BC) made of copper sheet 8 feet high, ten feet long 3 feet 1, which actually refers to the long-kyu. probably the later long-kyu similar to the high table when the GuoShouJing increase long-kyu to 128 feet accordingly. This is called the amount of days long Kyu feet. Ming has returned 8 foot table and a husband with high number of long-kyu. Qing Astronomical in watch the top of the Ming added part of it, so that the table to 10 feet high. At this time, the table will fall during the winter shadow outside Guyana. To this end, the other end of the Qing Dynasty established in Guyana, a 3-foot 5-inch high > Ancient Chinese used to determine the length of shadow cast on the sundial as a special ruler. its predecessor was, Guyana and the beginning of the copper found in the system for measuring residual long shadow at the scale of ten, the research survey, identified the scale of Ming Ying rear sight is 24.525 cm, and small feet with the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
sundial
use a table out of the shadow cast to determine the true direction and length of the instrument when the sun. also known as the the world. sundial originated in China sundial. Japan, the table is the instantaneous impact point north at noon, local apparent solar time is noon. projected onto the table top by a plane, so can any time during the day and the shadow from the sun to get the moment of reading. This instrument is the sundial. sundial parts include a table (known as the sundial pin) and the time line engraved sundial face.
sundial sundial plane placed at the direction of the horizon can be divided into the equatorial sundial sundial ﹑ ﹑ Li sundial (sundial plane parallel to the prime vertical) ﹑ inclined sundial (sundial surface placed in any other direction) and so on. sundial surface can also be made of hemispherical shape, the vertex in the center of the sphere sundial pin is the spherical sundial. If the surface of the sundial at the local latitude and solar terms sundial line engraving 13 solar terms (winter solstice each, with the remaining one every two solar term) , the direction from the table and cutting-edge video can determine the position of moral courage and time, this sundial sundial called the solar terms.
the early history of the Chinese sundial is not clear. the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has ﹑ Luoyang in Inner Mongolia to find a few pieces of Han Dynasty stone. in a square the size of the plane of two concentric circles engraved. circle at intervals of 1 / 100 arc engraved with a shallow hole where a total of 69 holes. each hole carved inward a radiation to a small circle so far. engraved with a slightly larger center hole. The stone carvings in ancient China the day together in the moment of time the system is divided into 100, some people think it is a sundial. However, they are horizon or equatorial sundial sundial, there have been different opinions. Some people think that they may not be a sundial, but a place on the ground plane, used to determine the direction or azimuth of the instrument, but can be used as the midday Water Clock Correction Bale. < br> The first record is clear and reliable sundial divided into 12 Nesbitt. center set the table. Yuan charge measured at different solar terms, the sun came Yi Chen of time required to set out as a table. but the length of time for each hour are significant differences between generations are not accepted.
About the equatorial sundial, according to Qing Mei Wen-ting said that he has a home Xuancheng sundial Tang system, but no other literature evidence. clearly recorded in the Southern Song Min Zeng first saw the line, His tribe was sighted people (the word South Zhong) invented the in order to prolonged, as members of interjection stone sundial. now Beijing Forbidden City and other places a number of the Qing Dynasty also made the preservation of the equatorial sundial stone.
Yuan Guo Shou Jing Yang created the instrument, the role of both spherical sundial. Later, North Korea ﹑ sundial produced in Japan put the kettle Yang Yang Instrument Center Xuanji board canceled, into the steeple of the sundial needle, a purely spherical sundial.
sundial solar terms, and other forms of legislation sundial sundial, etc. are probably inclined ﹑ Ming and China Europe Jesuits brought to China or by Chinese scholars to learn Euclidean geometry just after passing the re-creation of their own. Ming revelation period (AD 1621 ~ 1627) Lu Zhongyu forward to meaning in the ancient ball. Han Heng said: a real ball. armillary sphere and celestial globe celestial globe that is reflected in the instruments, which are often collectively referred to as the armillary sphere in the early stage.
armillary sphere armillary sphere in
sighting tubes, is a observation instrument, its main purpose is to Determination of faint, in the middle of the night once, and the equatorial coordinates of stars and celestial bodies, and sometimes can detect the ecliptic coordinates of longitude and horizon. Tang astronomers Chunfeng design and manufacture of armillary sphere, and its structure is divided into outer, middle and inner layer (weight). outside layer is called Kuni instrument, by the meridian Central (by double regulations), the horizon ring (gold Hun Wei Regulation) and the equatorial ring (days often ring) to form a fixed framework of the cross. Sunchime instrument called the middle, from Xuanji ring, the equatorial ring , the ecliptic ring and ring and white composition. the relative position of the ring road is fixed, but the overall thing can be rotated around the polar axis of the instrument. inner layer called the four-meter swim, the polar axis, red double-loop and peep through tubes ( Wang also called tubes) and other accessories. ascension parallel sighting tubes are sandwiched around a double-loop polar rotation. sighting tubes can rotate freely within the double ring, so they can point to any point in the sky. armillary sphere manufactured by Tang Dynasty , principle and basic structure are similar with the Chunfeng armillary sphere, but the regulation ring or other parts, components change some of Bale.
armillary sphere has a long history. when the invention, the present is hard to determine. Han astronomers had fallen Hong had such a round instrument. Gengshou Chang was measured with a round the day, month of the apparent motion. Han Jiakui add instrument in the ecliptic circle ring, brass instrument was renamed the ecliptic to the ecliptic longitude determination such Ershibasu. has been to the Northern and Southern Dynasties Zhang Zixin still using circle instrument to observe the sun, moon, star of apparent motion. and later published in the history books are often made that came to Hong armillary sphere, Zhang Zixin with armillary sphere, armillary sphere can be seen a round instrument and two different instruments, although the name of the real function of the same. early armillary sphere How to structure, no history records. have the exact record is quite Jin Dynasty had made armillary sphere hole. armillary sphere was the plane trip Hop instrument and instrument together four two-tier copper armillary sphere, celestial equator as it is to measure the coordinates of the required simple structure, each of the armillary sphere can be inferred earlier and will not stray too far. was due to the direct measurement of the movement of the sun in the ecliptic, the ecliptic ring must be increased; to directly measure the movement of the moon in the white trail, it must increase the white rings. and because the celestial Sunday rotation, Ershibasu and the ecliptic, and white and so the sky's position changing to adapt to these changes must be made ecliptic ring, and white rings and the equatorial ring can be with the celestial rotation direction of rotation, there are three e instrument generated. These are the armillary sphere in the Chunfeng be realized. However, with the armillary sphere to increase the number of rings, the sky obscured by more and more. Since the Tang dynasty onwards the development of mathematics, it has been able to master the more precise the equator , yellow or white Road interchange of three coordinate systems, therefore, Song Shen Kuo-chen first instrument to remove the three white Road Central, beginning the process simplified armillary sphere. to GuoShouJing qualitative leap occurred to create the history of the famous Jane instrument. Ming and Qing Dynasties, or the new system had also copied some of armillary sphere, but that is the aftermath, not much innovation.
the armillary sphere, the ancient Chinese also took note of the location of its installation the problem corrected. Northern Wei Ming Emperor Yong Xing years (AD 412) made the Ministry of Tai Shi Hou iron instrument (or Lingtai iron instrument) having a cross base. base has opened a ditch, in order to correct the base stabilization. Song Wong Yau three years (AD 1051) in the Yuan, Zhou Cong Huang You made such a new armillary sphere, in the Liuhe instrument also opened on the horizon ring ditch. about an awareness of the Tang Dynasty that polar ends of the hole from the armillary sphere circumpolar star observations to calibrate the instruments on Sunday sports polar direction. Song Shen Kuo development of this method to the very mature stage. Therefore, in simple instrument GuoShouJing later created a very special instrument device candidates.
celestial globe
performance of the instruments are in a big ball depicts or inlaid with stars on the equator, the ecliptic, constant implicit circle, circle, etc. were constant, and similar to modern celestial globe. Gengshou Chang celestial globe who may be the invention of the Western Han Dynasty. Han Zhang Heng's celestial globe is his design of the armillary sphere of leakage switch core. Heng, China manufactured over celestial globe, many astronomers, and most linked and hydraulic machinery (also known as Water of ancient celestial globe, celestial globe, today known as the Water), to obtain and synchronize the effects of celestial rotation Sunday , which are well-known manufacturer of the Three Kingdoms Lu Ji, Wang Fan, a Northern and Southern Dynasties and so much fun. much fun seventeen years at Southern DI Yuan Jia (AD 440), the manufacture of small celestial globe, 6-foot-6 weeks There Ershibasu, the alien government, three colors of white beads Qinghuang star, to distinguish between Gann, Shih, Wu Xian's star officer, there is the zodiac sun, moon, star. to the Tang Dynasty, a line beam to make chan day, month, augmented in the second round, it can be run around the celestial globe, and they combine, and automatic timekeeping device, creating a tradition of China's unique astronomical clock. to GuoShouJing, and only then timekeeping device and water separate from the celestial globe. are the oldest existing The celestial globe made for the early Qing Verbiest, called celestial instrument, placed in Beijing Ancient Observatory.
the Three Kingdoms, Wu Heng Ge astronomers have modified celestial globe. He put the celestial sphere around the celestial globe on behalf of the land outside the institutions into the celestial sphere, the celestial sphere rotating in still moving. To be able to see the celestial sphere of the land, the celestial sphere must be dredged pieces. this instrument called the celestial globe as ancient, and later developed into a false ceiling on the instrument. leave days instrument is the rise of people into the celestial sphere to the point of view of the inside, like the Space Theatre Planetarium today. China's first aircraft off day when the instrument is the Song Su Song, Han Gonglian and others made. papered their ladders on the celestial sphere chisel Gate > astronomer Guo Shou Jing Yuan Dynasty in China created a simplified armillary sphere astronomical measuring instruments, it is to streamline the structure of the Tang and Song of the armillary sphere and re-combination, so called simple instrument.
First, the use of traditional manufacturing GuoShouJing
History armillary sphere celestial measurements, the layers are staggered ring armillary sphere is too complicated, each block a lot of view of the sky, and impede the observation, and thus initiation of the idea of simplified armillary sphere. He removed the ecliptic circle, split horizon with the equator on which the measuring device, then the cloud and dragon pillars frame of the merger of the two, can not block the effective measurement of the rest of North and South YORK outside near the goal of the majority of sky coordinates of celestial equator, Jane Miriam has become astronomical measuring instruments in terms of GuoShouJing masterpiece.
Second, the structure and principles
1. equator equator theodolite system
also known, including the equatorial and four-meter swim.
mount Ershibasu Zhou graduated within the equatorial belt loop, jacket marked scale per hour engraved rings, two community value and had the ring center, the cloud from the Antarctic shelf and the cross supports and supporting framework; equatorial ring and sector level balance can be circling the heart turning into places in order to measure the degree of (the object and its places adjacent to the west from the star's right ascension in poor).
four main four tour tour bicyclic instrument installation on the north-south polar axis, equatorial ring stand in the Antarctic and the Arctic are connected to the heart rules the North-South double loop pole into the rotation axis around the north celestial pole; two rings engraved with Zhou degrees, straight from the support between bicyclic (two rings can also be seen as a straight slope from the heart stands for the rotation, this straight from the polar axis is also equal to) , a glimpse of its value on turning around the ring, and you see value there and built-filament cross-ear (similar to the finder crosshairs Location); as a good target objects on the set of double-loop can be read out in objects to extreme (the angle between celestial bodies and the Arctic).
National Museum of Natural Sciences simple instrument, the figure shows the outermost circle of the Arctic climate cloud frame connected to the very highest instrument, which stand between the square of the Arctic LONG Zhu the (more or black copper rings) is established horizon devices shipped Central
2. besylate
also known altazimuth system, which transport device legislation.
instrument set transport aircraft in the Arctic clouds below, then under the base ; Yin Wei Li Wan, Central, Central, vertical flat on the under, circling the heart rotation; written for the transport ring is perpendicular to rotation and stand under the cloud rack; two rings have the scale, with its glimpse on the sector and the balance at the target value objects can be read out in the ring on the scale and azimuth of celestial objects of the horizon height.
(1) designate the Antarctic polar cloud instrument
including bits on the top shelf and its regulations set within the polar ring, this increase the system can be adjusted on the equator, the polar axis direction and measuring instruments on the transit time of the North Star.
(2) This is part of the program components have been scattered
husband, measured from the direction of the Ming Dynasty replica dial into altazimuth also used as a north-south orientation.
(3) base
include: Arctic cloud frame, square frame and the base of Antarctic clouds, shelf clouds both north to south, the cloud frame carved dragon pillars exquisite lifelike swimming dragon in the clouds, cloud Ao under the supporting frame. base has bad quality instruments to measure the level of the whole level of reduction.
Third, achievement of the apparatus of the equator
system equatorial world's first device, the principle more equivalent to the current axis (ie, fork-mounts). Europe to 1598 was invented by the Danish astronomer Tycho is similar devices. The equatorial ring and four hundred engraved ring between the short cylindrical Tonggun to reduce the friction between the two, the world's first use of roller bearings on the place. In addition to value-added silk glimpse of measurement, and the ring and also increased in the sub-scale under observation was greatly improved accuracy and convenience.
Fourth, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of China stamps
December 1, 1962 Issue Number gold is GuoShouJing bust, the other a simple instrument m its representative. But stamps not very careful when drawing simple instrument, can not see three-dimensional equatorial device with detailed and lead to the illusion.
five, finished whereabouts
GuoShouJing then placed in the production of most of the original instrument Secretary Jane roof (now Beijing Jian Guo Men Nei Avenue northbound Academy of Social Sciences), was moved to cock mountain observatory to seven years of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1668) moved back to Beijing, However, fifty-four years of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing (AD 1715) was intentional safety management discipline as a missionary and melting of scrap copper.
six, imitation and copy
Jane the oldest instrument in the Ming Zhengtong two years (1437 years) of the system by Kuo Shou-ching and the original copy placed in Nanjing, the Ming and Qing dynasties Astronomical this measure in the Beijing Ancient Observatory for 1900, eight-aggression, Germany on December 12 shipped in the demolition of the Jane Miriam Dong Jiao Min Xiang collection of the French diplomatic mission to the pressure of world public opinion in 1902 was forced to return to the Qing government in June .1933, simple instrument for fleeing the fighting moved south of Nanjing, in early February 1934 to settle in the Purple Mountain Observatory, but after wind and rain, resulting in spalling of corrosion has been almost destroyed in the early 1980s, authorities in Nanjing in 1988 took 11 months for maintenance of the instrument is now on display at the Nanjing Purple Mountain Observatory, open-air exhibition, Jane other copies of instruments all this as a blueprint for replication. This simple instrument body to bronze, about 2.84 meters long and 4.4 meters wide and 2.98 m and weighing about 14 tons. structural stability, process gorgeous, almost see the tall, exquisite distance; a reflection of Chinese Ancient science and technology, metallurgy and mechanical manufacturing techniques and other aspects of crystalline .1993 August, the National Museum of Natural Science in Taichung, Taiwan on display copies of the actual proportion of production (in addition to armillary sphere and clock tower replica), now in the Museum, Vice pieces placed in the Beijing Ancient Observatory on the display.
another in Xingtai, Hebei Province of the Simply copy storage device.

China Yuan Yang instrument created an astronomer Guo Shou-jing astronomical instruments. It's shaped like a flat pan, two feet ten feet in diameter (Yuan Astronomy feet). pot Time and location on top carved mouth, which is equivalent horizon circle, there are even sink to the level of correction. In the southern mouth of the pot and put things to the one north-south pole. hemisphere from north to south pole extends to the center of the top installation of a small square plate, called Xuanji board. panels can turn north-south and east-west. board central open a small hole, hole location right in the center of the hemisphere. hemisphere in the Yang-meter surface inscribed within the equatorial horizon Coordinate network. However, this network and celestial coordinates coordinates network, something contrary to the South Pole instead Arctic. Turn Xuanji board, it is the sun. sunlight through the hole in the spherical surface imaging, from the coordinates of the sun can be read online at once the number and time to extreme angle, can be seen the local apparent solar time and season. Yang instrument is basically a spherical sundial. However, the Yang device features than the spherical sundial wide, it can determine the time of solar eclipse occurs, it can be estimated azimuth of the solar eclipse, eclipse, and eclipse the number of occurrence of the whole process. It can even position of the moon and the eclipse observation situation. The plane instrument using the principle of pinhole imaging, avoiding the eye of a strong direct sunlight for observation. Yang instrument spread to Korea and Japan, the abolition of the Xuanji board, into the steeple of the sundial pin, thus becoming purely sundial, sundial known as the Yang-kettle.
astrolabe (planispheric astrolabe)
a measurement altitude and the instrument may be the Greek astronomer Hipparchus (second century BC people) invented, it was also said earlier Awa Clooney (third century BC people) are created. The earliest extant literature discussed chart over the Greek astronomer old man (Theon) of the book (about AD 375.) Manufacturing in the Yuan Dynasty of China had this equipment (1267), in the Ming Dynasty had translated two books on the chart, the Illustrated cover through the Constitution vertical suspension, who is currently aligned with the sun or star sighting tubes, from the disk can get them on the side of the scale height. in the front plate, useful stereographic projection method to draw the star pattern and horizon coordinate grid. chart only the brightest star and the ecliptic, the equator. Horizon Coordinates are in the center of the high zenith and azimuth circle. horizon coordinate grid below, star in the last, which is drawn with a transparent material. by the observation by the sun height, will be the day the sun is at the location to observe the height of ring, the two intersect at one point. This is the center line and the disk (with swim-foot) with carved circles in the intersection when the edge is observing time. know that the sun's declination and the day of the high noon, you can also find the observation in latitude. This instrument can also be based on different needs, the disk to add other things such as measuring the shadow of scale, compass and symbols used in astrology. It can be used in teaching, navigation and surveying, in Europe and the Islamic world have long-term use until the mid-eighteenth century was replaced for the sextant.
clepsydra (clepsydra)
ancient measured by the amount of time to drip an instrument. clepsydra by time can be divided into two methods: one is the observation of water leakage inside the container to measure the time reduction, called the discharge type clepsydra; other is the observation container (the bottom without holes) into the water to their situation within the measured time, called by the water-clepsydra. In some ancient civilizations, such as China, Egypt, Babylon, etc., are used clepsydra. Babylon general use outlet type clepsydra; Egyptians used two types, but by the use of water-clepsydra later, are more rare. clepsydra also known as Chinese carved leakage. clepsydra first inserted in clepsydra a benchmark, called as arrows. arrows with one Jianzhou holding, floating on the water. flowing out or into the pot, the arrows sinking or rising, to indicate time. The former type clepsydra discharge, called Shen arrow missed; The latter is affected by water-clepsydra, called the floating arrows leakage. The two types of arrows collectively drain. the other is a drop of water to measure the weight of time, called the leak, said. In addition, there is an hourglass with sand on behalf of the water . Chinese history, most used, most widely circulated is the arrow missed. clepsydra the invention of the era has not been determined. Well, ; Fire Code very common. early clepsydra, has no memory. clepsydra Western Han Dynasty have been found in three, respectively the city is in Hebei, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi Xingping found in Ih Ju League. This is the same type of three clepsydra are copper pots single outlet type, size, slightly different. pot in the shape of a cylinder, three feet under, the side near the bottom of the hole, install the drip tubes, pot on his bucket, the central beam has a rectangular The hole, upright arrows to help. single outlet type or by the water-clepsydra simple structure, easy to use. However, the water flow speed and the amount of pot on a single pot of water with only clepsydra reduction, water speed is also slower. Thus, a direct impact on the stability and accuracy of timing. then people think the drain plus a drain on the kettle kettle, with water flowing above the pot of water to supplement the following, they can raise the following pot water stability. However, this approach only applies to water-clepsydra, so discharge type clepsydra will soon be eliminated. invented ways to increase the supply pot, people will naturally think, you can supply the pot supplies on top of pot to form a multi-level clepsydra. resupply the use of pot about the late Eastern Han Dynasty began in the early Western Han Dynasty. Han Heng has been used two clepsydra, which supplies a clepsydra and a pot (no water by the bottom pot, the same below), Jin emerged out of a set of three bottles, Lu Tang Dynasty was designed set of four clepsydra. Song Yan Su has invented another way. He's in the middle of a pot the top to open a hole, so the above to the excess water from this watershed hole overflow automatically, so that the water level constant. Yan Su created the clepsydra called Lotus leak, the Northern Song Dynasty had popular throughout the country. per extension for three years (AD 1316) and a clepsydra, now preserved in the Beijing Museum of Chinese History, is a three clepsydra. Palace Museum in Beijing with such a large system like a clepsydra the Qing Dynasty.
According to records, the earliest known maker leak Northern Road is the fifth century AD, Shi Lilan. said leakage prevalent in the Tang and Song. It is a structure hanging scale, hanging in the balance by the kettle on the hook to the scoops in the weight of the water measured by time. provisions by Li Lan, a liter of water, a pound weight gain, via the moment. weighbeam can also change the time scale on the weight of the scale, thus directly read out the number of times. hourglass found in the earliest records of Yuan Dynasty, hourglass made purpose is to avoid the water due to temperature changes may affect the timing accuracy. The principle is through quicksand to promote the gear, so the pointer at the moment plate indication moment. in the early Ming Zhan Xi Yuan create five hourglass, a week later academic writing improved for six hourglass. But the quicksand easily blocked use is not widespread.
Ancient Water Clock
an isochronous timing system. 100 engraved on one day and night, in the clepsydra arrow is carved by this time. Xu Shen, scholars believe that hundreds may have originated in the Shang dynasty, engraving.
carved parallel to the 100 day and night there is a 12 hour day and night into the system by 12 hour inter .100 moment, each hour is equal to 8 moment. because 100 can not be engraved divisible by 12, 100 and 12-hour difficult moment with. Han Jianping years (5 years BC) and taken home three years (AD 8), day and night 100 to 120 engraving engraved, but not long passage that is waste. Emperor Wu-day Southern prison six years (AD 507) had changed to 96 a day and night moment, Datong years (AD 544 years) was changed to 108, carved, and only pass for decades. to Chen Wendi (about AD 563 years) history of Zhu made leak, and restored hundreds engraving, Tang and Song dynasties, still a hundred engraved method. ancient day to day is also divided into leakage and leakage are two nights, that is clearly a long day by day the number of moment, the night How long is the moment, day and night, usually the sun come and go as the Water Clock standards. provisions of the winter solstice day and missed 40 carved, engraved night drain 60; summer solstice day and missed 60 carved, engraved night drain 40; spring day and night, 50 engraved. night hours just before dawn, each five more points (chips). As twilight relationship, in fact, not before sunrise ﹑ at some time after, the day is still bright. To observe faint ﹑ once in stars, faint ﹑ Dan must have a certain standard time. ancient times has also been provided for this. about the provisions in the Qin and Han dynasties ago, after a quarter and at no moment was stunning sunrise ﹑ Once the first three hours after the Qin and Han did not change it for the faint of half an hour half the time Dan ﹑. This requirement has been in use to the late Ming. the required faint, Dan moment later, the meaning of day and night has also been changed accordingly, from Dan to faint for the day, from dusk to Dan for the night.
winter solstice and summer solstice as the time interval 182 to 183 days, day and night difference between the 20 Water Clock moment, therefore the provisions in the Eastern Han Dynasty from the previous winter, the drain every day by 9 minute, starting from the corresponding decrease in the moment of the summer solstice. In fact the daily changes in day length are not equal, the error may reach two ﹑ a quarter. After the Eastern Han Dynasty Water Clock increasingly precise measurements, since the permanent element fourteen years (AD 102 years), the follow the sun to the extreme, every second quarter of the Water Clock moment of change. Although this is an approximation, it has reasonable than the previous method Qing Dynasty. then, turn to 96 per engraving lithography, and 12 hour match.
leaking transfer armillary sphere
Han Zhang Heng was created by a scientist astronomical instruments, referred to as the armillary sphere, celestial globe is a water transport (see armillary sphere and the celestial globe). It is a more than four feet in diameter copper ball, the ball is engraved with Ershibasu ﹑ yellow equator in the alien officers and polar ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ constant solar terms were round circles ﹑ circle of perpetual occultation, etc. (see objects as movement). a set of rotating machinery, the celestial globe and clepsydra together. to clepsydra water control was fully assembled, making it synchronous rotation with the celestial sphere, to show Sunday as the sports stars, such as the stars come and go, and transit and so on. This aircraft instruments and a subsidiary body called the Swiss round pods, is a mechanical calendar. It has the drive and the celestial globe connected starting from the first day every month, every birth to a leaf; half months after that, a fall of a leaf . leakage switch to using a two clepsydra armillary sphere. It is now the earliest known records of about two clepsydra. It's scoop is two, each a gold fairy on the lid, hold the left arrow, right refers to the moment. an indication of the time of day, an indication of the time at night. armillary sphere leaking transfer to China the impact was significant astronomical instruments. Tang and Song ﹑ since it developed on the basis of more sophisticated and better performing equipment and the Sky astronomical clock.

armillary armillary sphere ﹑ celestial globe, the Northern Song Dynasty and timekeeping devices that combine large-scale astronomical instrument is ﹑ Hangong Lian Su Song, who design and manufacture. Songyuan You first year (1086) began to design, to be completed seven years .... Yuanyou

Over against what marriage can bring

 Over against what marriage can bring
online one day, made me a woman, said she has married, has been living in the prevention of, preparedness of his men. Impression, she will most classic mantra is this: better to die, not guns! remark seems to pull off, but in reality the poor.
she said, since her head slightly and the top official positions of the men wore a few years of marriage, she experienced a number of unclear woman. these women, there are also younger than her older than her, there is also a beautiful plain of even more are ugly. all women of her men, it is generosity, not to go!
say, happy marriage is the same, in fact, an unhappy marriage is the same. left his heart always brings endless pain astringent bitterness, frustration sadness.
that year , was introduced to a man she met future. She said she saw was a man spotted her, otherwise, he would not do a bed, her soon. really so? welcome her self-confidence, but her low self-esteem is also pathetic. you know, for a man, the young woman looks do not even loud noise, but the vitality and youth to look there. Just think, there are few men can Jiazhu the world could not pursue a woman? mention is automatically sent home it! as wild men, some born essential but also his nature! she thought he fell in love with him, but he is actually too strong hormone secreted by the body mischief it!
fact, she is also quite a man asshole very angry, if you say you do not want to marry her better not to provoke her, Great, you provoke and also in one step, so how can she not like the ant skin (a stick to the body aquatic life is not down) as you hold firmly bite! you would like to walk away is not responsible for pants? dreaming! trouble her crying two or three hanging light, but also make your whole family no peace will also give you no peace in the house units in the living area.
this way, the death of a woman wrapped in pretty stirring, the desperation of the men had to throw in the towel and married her! It is said that marriage is the grave of love. between them, not to mention love and passion for the ingredients may be more, but actually fell into the grave is certain. Since then, two people have spent in the ups and downs of war-torn day by day, year by year.
Therefore, a woman facing such a tigress, which I believe any man will helplessness, Niwai. So, those man can be said that many women ah Yuet! even she could ever count. I asked her, and you live in this interesting? you live a day like this all day tired? woman a clear-cut answer: not tired! boring, but I is not willing! I can not let others put my things away, even if I do not want have smashed it, I never expect to get other people!
people heard these words timid, my God! This energy is also a woman is too strong now! If it had been a wise woman, let alone been to the present, it is estimated that one would not covet your neighbor's initiative to give up! say, like a dog so it is also not change a man eat shit, and numerous unidentified tell Road next to the dark variety of women go, it really is dirty, really sick people out! let alone go to bed, that is, to see more of a feel dirty! to her, and also as a treasure hold the same Jinjinzuanzhao! not willing to give up because they do not, all these years, she was again and again and again and those so-called with, and sometimes fierce fighting also unusual crazy, like watching the people around her like the wonderful movie tour, pay their last respects.
said, according to her own, so now the battle could not stop after the long run, however, She also will remain as the soldiers stationed at the periphery of the motherland as the fire alarm eyes of the watching eyes of all men appear to stay around a woman in her. She said she never let any woman who abducted her man, who never let their marriage building in the hands of another woman collapsed! even her whole life off the men out of her palm! days! this woman is terrible! it is no wonder he is not a man to live with her peace of mind. understand! understanding ! Maybe somebody will say, perhaps this man a woman love her? Maybe, but, when love once they come to life in shackles, this love, as if they should not be called love.
fact, life good marriage matter whether or not the lack of proper precautions, it is necessary. But, over against the bad. just like the woman, her whereabouts the day a man must know she is no doubt that if men would line a little unclear She broke our hearts to experience the of it. think about this marriage, have taken what this means! sharing a bed against the two people have to rely on live, this time being too far away from it!

Eye on Health 6.6 Sohu Interview - age-related macular degeneration prevention

 Professor Chen Youxin Sohu Health Channel about age-related macular degeneration prevention
Sohu health: you friends, good afternoon! Welcome to the Sohu interview between healthy.
On June 6 at the National Eye approaching, we Sohu is honored to have a healthy Beijing Union Medical College Hospital, Professor Chen Youxin guest expert interviews, the talk with netizens on the age-related macular degeneration eye disease that terrible.
as the science improves, the more we learn for the eyes and more clear, eye protection and eye diseases are increasingly concerned about the high 70's is our most well-known red eyes, we know the age of 80 cataracts, glaucoma 90 years we have learned, one after another blinding eye disease under control. Now, macular degeneration, eye health has become the main reason affecting the elderly, but the general public awareness of this disease is very limited, on the one hand do not pay attention after the other, I do not know how sick the correct treatment. am very pleased to have invited Professor Chen Youxin between a guest expert interview with netizens talk about prevention and treatment of this disease.
first of Professor Chen with friends to say hello.
Chen Youxin: Honourable friends, good afternoon! very pleased to meet with you friends.
Beijing Union Medical College Hospital Professor Chen Youxin
Sohu health: I simply tell you about Professor Chen Youxin. Professor Chen Youxin as deputy director of Beijing Union Medical College Hospital Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese Medical Association Ophthalmology Branch Secretary of the Chinese Medical Association Ophthalmological Society, vice chairman of the Youth Committee of the Chinese Medical Association Eye Doctor Association member and Director-General. focus on a variety of common and difficult diagnosis and treatment of ocular fundus, such as various retinal vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, central retinal vein occlusion and other laser and surgical treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, retinal vascular tumor-like hyperplasia diagnosis and treatment of diseases, age-related macular degeneration photodynamic therapy, intraocular tumor and the diagnosis and treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. photodynamic therapy carried out in recent years as the choroid the treatment of angiogenesis provides a new treatment, and achieved good results.
age-related macular degeneration will be the main cause of blindness
Sohu health: the beginning of interviews, first give us Professor Chen , what is age-related macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration is called.
Chen Youxin: Thank Sohu health to provide such a platform, on June 6 at the National Eye draws near, more and more people concerned about the eyes, and I personally think that life outside of visual function is in addition to the second most important function of the human body, if a person lives in darkness, not only their own lives can not take care of themselves, but also troublesome to others, the pain is unimaginable, about 80% of our information is through the visual organ, the eye is obtained, if the information society in the loss of vision, loss is so big.
interview subject today as the ;, the subject is very good, has just introduced the presenters, in the 20th century, before the 80's or 80's, in the case of the Chinese economy is relatively backward, some infectious diseases are more like the past, trachoma, with the social and economic development, has now been well controlled. The second is glaucoma and cataract, particularly cataract, until now, cataract remains the major eye diseases in our country, but the treatment of cataract is developing rapidly these years, we call preventable or curable blindness blind, Why? as long as we go to the hospital, there is capacity to pay, the eye lens can be replaced, they can improve the vision of cataract patients is high.
example, the human body eyes like a camera, and now it can change the lens, but the film, which is now no technical replacement of the retina, such as macular degeneration and other retinal diseases, the retina can not be transplanted, the means of treatment is relatively limited, so age-related macular degeneration has become a major cause of blindness, particularly in Europe and the United States. Although our national age-related macular degeneration is not currently a major cause of blindness, but we should take precautions, prevention is critical, good will from now on attention to this disease.
What is age-related macular degeneration? the name suggests, with the age-related, increase in prevalence with age, increasing year by year, there were reports that people over the age of 50 the prevalence may be a few percent to the age of 60, 70, 80 years old, even to the more than ten per cent, three dozen, so called age-related macular degeneration.
Sohu Health: Can you explain the role of macula in the eye it?
Chen Youxin: the center of a retina of the eye called the macular region, why is it called macular area? because the region which contains a lot of lutein, lutein is yellow, making the region a little yellow color, in particular, In the pathological point of view, so called the macula.
macular center about 500 microns in diameter, the body of the most important part of a visual function. macular degeneration is precisely the center or near the macular region of the degenerative diseases, mainly referring to is bleeding, oozing, edema, scars, etc..
patients with macular degeneration will cause physical and psychological health of the dual pressures of
Sohu: In the event of macular degeneration after which the person will have symptoms? what is the harm?
Chen Youxin: age-related macular degeneration or age-related macular degeneration is called the Western main reason of blindness, so the disease can be blinding, the first symptoms, many patients are visual distortion, and suddenly things do not look straight, look at distorted vision. especially as some elderly people like to read, to see just do not see that word, appears in the middle of the shadow of the visual, the shadow with hemorrhage, edema area relationship, if the area is small, the shadow of the scope of a small, if a large range of bleeding, or edema, scar a large range, and ultimately, blindness, so the damage is very great.
Sohu health: blind since the quality of life will be greatly affected.
Chen Youxin: research in this area in a foreign country is very much lagging behind some of our home, it is mainly because our economy was not as developed countries are now more concerned about the cataract, while the age-related macular degeneration is not too much concern, in fact, the disease impact on quality of life is very large.
first, loss of self-care ability, a lot of elderly people learn to drive, but was more than 60 years of age-related macular degeneration, can not drive, and if children can not help him to more difficult, and even the streets are difficult. at home cooking, and even the label on the bottle condiment see clearly, Kit could not see the word, the morning milk may be poured down on the table, because the want to see to the place just can not see. this regard, we have seen. elderly already osteoporosis, easy to wrestling fractures because not clear, wrestling and fracture more easily.
also psychologically, as we met with some intellectuals, a lifetime reading, now suddenly can not read, a strong psychological sense of loss. It is reported that the elderly macular degeneration macular degeneration than those without the prevalence of depression in the elderly increased significantly.
so we can not understand a lot of young people, the kind of pain after elderly sick, feel, eat drink on the line. this regard, I want to appeal to children and grandchildren or the children do, to understand the parents or grandparents visual health, suffering from macular degeneration if they should be given more help, and even psychological help.
age-related macular degeneration urgent attention
Sohu health: an introduction by Professor Chen, we can understand the age related macular degeneration, or damage caused by a very large, you can not talk about the disease incidence in our country now is how like? is not more easy to get older?
Chen Youxin: In our country, Like diabetes in the sixties and seventies of last century had very little, but now very much, and why? and lifestyle have a certain relationship, and now studies with the diet, eat fewer fruits and vegetables on, coupled with no exercise, obesity, etc. , the incidence rate of high.
age-related macular degeneration is not a disease peculiar to the West, the Chinese people will have, we have a very famous study was done in Guangdong, the early 90s is probably age-related macular degeneration 3% -4%, to 1998 to 8% -9%, equivalent to double, so the problem must be brought to pay attention, the same people with the improvement of living standards among the incidence rates increased, and the large population in China , a small percentage, multiplied by China's 1.3 billion population, is an astronomical figure, so the age-related macular degeneration of the hazards and impact on society must not be ignored.
Sohu health: and as our national social gerontology of the increase, the incidence rate will increase.
Chen Youxin: Of course, our standard of living improves, the level of improved medical care, treatment capacity increase, and now the average life expectancy of the population, our country has entered an aging society, the elderly population increased substantially. coupled with the incidence of macular degeneration is improving, and I believe the number of patients with age-related macular degeneration is increasing year by year.
Sohu health: morbidity and growth rate so high, everyone's perception is still relatively low.
Chen Youxin: I wrote an article published in , Why mention this? as mentioned earlier, the age-related macular degeneration great harm to society in Western countries is the primary cause of blindness in Europe, Australia, the United States, which accounts for medical expenses is fairly large proportion of , alarming figures, it must pay close attention.
more than the population of our country, macular degeneration has gradually increased each year, so we must attach great importance to, and now can cure cataracts, age-related macular degeneration but are difficult to resolve, especially to the in late, so the social awareness must be improved. We have a random survey of 50 people in the clinic, even the eye of the nurse can not tell what is macular degeneration, and its risk factors which can well imagine that our society For ordinary people, age-related macular degeneration, awareness is low, you ask him what is cataract, know, what is glaucoma, know something, know what is macular degeneration? do not know, so we called for urgent improvement To step up publicity efforts.
Sohu health: young people are not sick, is not it relatively small?
Chen Youxin: We are formerly known as age-related macular degeneration, was found to have 50 years of age or 45 years of age will suffer disease, but they are not old, so now it is called age-related macular degeneration, and found that younger age of onset of his trends, like hypertension and myocardial infarction, who have over the past six or seven years old, and now four more than ten years old myocardial infarction, and lifestyle have a certain relationship.
But if a teenager, two-year-old macular hemorrhage occurs, we do not usually referred to as age-related macular degeneration, idiopathic choroidal called foreign neovascularization, we Chinese call central exudative chorioretinopathy (referred to as
Sohu health: but the harm caused is the same.
Chen Youxin: visual impact, or even blindness, this is the same, but also from the treatment point of view, there are also many similarities between
smoking high cholesterol is age-related macular degeneration certainly incentive
Sohu health: disease caused by reasons for the growth now what? what people may have these diseases?
Chen Youxin: just you ask the incidence of age-related macular degeneration causes cause of two points.
the one hand, from 05 onwards, the study of foreign genes and age-related macular degeneration relationship, probably two or three genes found in the relatively positive relationship with macular degeneration, so that if you had macular degeneration, your odds of higher prevalence of family members, especially on the 40 years of age, eyes should check a couple of years, this is a good thing. Secondly, the age-related macular degeneration has a relationship with the race, whites than in yellow, high incidence of some of the black race. There are overseas research, more women than men. the gender, race, heredity, we can not change is inevitable factor.
the other hand, found several important risk factors can be changed. First, smoking, relatively fast paced society today, we sometimes in order to ease the pressure to smoke, but if you smoke, macular degeneration, the probability of illness at least twice the size. A second obesity, high cholesterol, which is more positive. These articles can be controlled by lifestyle changes. There, now advocate a balanced diet, not to say that eating fruits and vegetables all day, but also meat eating species To many, more to be able to ensure intake of various nutrients, in particular, eat more vegetables and fruits, as vegetables, fruits, rich in chlorophyll, zeaxanthin, lycopene, vitamin C, etc., such things have antioxidant function. now there is a theory, age-related macular degeneration is caused by over-oxidation of the macular area of chronic cell injury.
so I do not smoke, balanced diet, eat more fruits and vegetables, not too fat, no high cholesterol, Of course, eye protection should also pay attention all day long at the computer screen, or front of relatively strong light, ten hours sitting down must be bad, so open the computer as a lesson, recess should be rest.
brought photodynamic therapy treatment of macular degeneration in the spring
Sohu health: we've talked about early detection and identification of the problem, then probably we are more concerned about is the present performance of age-related macular changes can not be cured, what treatment do now?
Chen Youxin: In the past there is no good treatment, but did not explore the footsteps of the moment to stop, explore the 80s of last century laser treatment, macular degeneration that would otherwise cause blindness, by laser Vision therapy can be maintained to 0.1 or 0.2 or 0.05, better than the blind. That is what the laser greatest harm? laser is a thermal burns, eyebrows and beard grabbed, the normal tissues and vascular leakage and burned, but only this time kinds of ways.
to 90 years there is a contrast, called indocyanine green angiography, the angiography as a blood vessels nourish the center of the macular area is not, we will cut off the roots, to nourish the blood vessel destruction, extermination, no breeding of blood vessels, neovascularization atrophied. But if the blood vessels nourishing the best in the center of the macular area, damage is relatively large.
to the late 90s, there has been TTT, transpupillary thermotherapy is called, the equivalent of physical therapy, macular laser do not use heat, then increase the temperature slightly, 5 to 10 degrees, inspire some Heat shock protein protection, so that the surrounding normal tissue is protected, and neovascularization gradually destroyed, so they further protect normal tissue, making new blood vessels slowly shrink, eliminate leakage edema, which in turn is a major step forward .
then the 2000, I wrote in 2007 an article called Total rate of photodynamic therapy, which is a milestone, which makes our doctors may exceed the restricted area is a restricted area over the past macula, macular disease in the past that only four words, The mess does not make sense.
now appears photodynamic therapy, can selectively destroy abnormal new blood vessels. abnormal vessels like fake blood, and now we can put this fake After the circulation to the eye, and then use a special laser, this laser does not produce any heat, called cold laser, or called non-thermal laser, when this laser and our neovascularization after the contact interaction of photosensitizer molecules produced photochemical effect, making blood vessels closed, the last generation of vascular thrombosis, some of the methods are more expensive, but there is no way better than good, so we have a way to treatment. We often joke, vision loss is priceless, but no matter how much money, long as they can cure the disease, is always a way, so we are very happy, and now the patients after 2000, in which there has been a lucky misfortune is because of photodynamic therapy.
the safety of photodynamic therapy Note
Sohu sex and health: photodynamic therapy for visual acuity is not affected?
Chen Youxin: photodynamic therapy in our hospital have done 7 years, the biggest advantage is safety, it is estimated now to do in the world more than 200 million, enough to prove its safety, in addition to elimination of abnormal blood vessels, stable vision, we do clinical trials found that, in addition to be able to maintain stable vision for most patients, there are about 30% of patients will improve visual acuity . This method is safe, no toxic side effects, is a good way.
Sohu health: just talked about some of macular degeneration, new blood vessels out, which is what?
Chen Youxin: abnormal blood vessels is a fake shop is harmful to beneficial.
Sohu health: effect of early treatment is better?
Chen Youxin: or repetition of the phrase, see a doctor to take the early, so we must first have awareness of macular degeneration, the elderly can easily too. Second, the periodic inspections. Third, that to treat the disease early.
I just said that the treatment of the development process, both large and medium cities across the country photodynamic therapy for macular degeneration include high myopia caused in permeability caused by various causes, like disease similar to macular degeneration, can be treated through this therapy to really reduce the swelling proved to be stable, to protect our eyesight.
Sohu health: patients need after treatment Note what?
Chen Youxin: photodynamic therapy is that, less than 20 minutes the entire treatment process, treatment should be prepared the day of sunglasses, long-sleeved clothes, the best hats, gloves, because the photosensitizer to light to decomposition, in particular, a large sun in summer, when sunlight to prevent the occurrence of interaction with the photosensitizer, the skin burns. generally faster down the mountain when the sun do better treatment, done after 48 hours to avoid glare.
Sohu Health : no problem lighting up?
Chen Youxin: general home lighting, incandescent or fluorescent lamps are still possible, but I suggest try a little dark, lamp is better, anyway, two days after a 48 hours to recover. < br> choice of treatment must be clear before Sohu health condition
: Speaking of the treatment of diseases, there are a number of breakthroughs and progress, and also made a relatively good effect, for the treatment of macular degeneration, now what are the problems, there is no it? example, we have emphasized disease, standard treatment.
Chen Youxin: I have to say is relatively simple, although we now have new treatments, but there are some differences between different doctor may get different results, why ? most important indications of the master, more professional and sophisticated macular degeneration, we want to know, I have some articles on the website, we can see.
first diagnosis of clear, clear your disease is age-related macular degeneration, or retinopathy, or retinal vascular proliferation, this must be determined before treatment, and try to figure out is late or early, and macular degeneration have the dry and wet points. the so-called dry macular degeneration, is the fundus also No new blood vessels, no bleeding, edema and scar formation, but there are some yellow macular dot calm things. but dry macular degeneration can develop into the wet. the so-called wet macular area is already bleeding, oozing, edema, or scar formation, and took part in the early wet just bleeding, and has been completely scarred, and not, like, so be sure to clear diagnosis before treatment.
Sohu health: So we have to choose hospital, clinic doctors when the need for more attention to some.
Chen Youxin: In any kind of treatment before the disease really want to find out the other, as the patient must also ask, do not blindly treatment because improper treatment may increase the injury. Now network is very developed, such as Sohu search for anything on a search to, what is age-related macular degeneration, I would like is some of the network. Also where can be treated and how treatment should be clear. So before treatment do some homework is good, do not believe one of the words, in some places called a cure macular degeneration is certainly not credible.
Sohu health: you can go to Professor Chen's personal web site have a look. Here we look at the problems some users it.
Professor Chen Youxin questions for on-site users
User: mother has macular degeneration two years ago, when I had a photodynamic therapy, good results, the disease does not develop, I feel very good, there is no second treatments, but the vision began to decline last year, is a decline in the future to do, or how to?
Chen Youxin: This is a very big problem, is a philosophical proposition, because people now have no control over the aging , the age-related macular degeneration is a disease in the aging process, and age-related, so do not have a way to completely cure, the treatment approach we are not a cure or a treatment table, so there may exist a treatment secondary treatment, three treatment, in a foreign country to do three times the average first year, twice a second year, third year to do it again, but the biggest advantage is that the treatment abroad can be covered by medical insurance. so do not expect everything will be fine once the treatment, which is not correct, we must constantly review, because there may be the first treatment.
friends: a few years ago my mother felt a shadow front sway, the check is cataract, but because of macular degeneration, is not it inoperable?
Chen Youxin: macular degeneration, if it is to late, do nothing approach, but still should be the treatment of cataract, and why? as macular degeneration, central vision loss is mainly done after treatment of cataracts may be slightly better peripheral vision, so I do cataract patients the time if I gave him, slightly improved visual acuity is a good thing.
User: My mother had macular degeneration for three years, first the left eye, right eye and macular degeneration are serious this year, a sharp decline in visual acuity, according to Beijing every spring, have opened a Chinese medicine hospital taking little or no effect, I ask you to carry out photodynamic surgery?
Chen Youxin: First the first point, to be confirmed, some basic hospital because of equipment limitations, with little experience, may be misdiagnosed. it is proposed to go to large hospitals is not confirmed macular degeneration, to find out is dry, or wet the; second, macular degeneration does have a tendency to eyes, eyes can be a front and rear, left eye right eye had also entirely possible to be, just could not take Chinese medicine, especially at the less experienced Chinese medicine, or some other method should be adopted.
friends: I am a high degree of myopia, 500 eyes about some of the recent decline in sensory acuity, and sometimes feel the shadows, do not know if there is no serious problem, this is not need to go to hospital?
Chen Youxin: high myopia, we generally considered to be above 600 degrees is called myopia, high myopia of 500 degrees is not known, but 500 degrees is quite high Even four or five people Baidu myopia can sometimes get sick. So if there are shadows in front of the eye fluttering, it may be vitreous opacity, I suggest go to the hospital regularly look up eyes, look around the retina, there is no degeneration area even some patients with cleft, so patients with high myopia, periodic look up eyes.
Professor Chen Youxin recommendations for users their visits time
Moderator: Time is almost up, Professor Chen Youxin conclude our friends some suggestions, tell us about their visits another time.
Chen Youxin: either the patients themselves or relatives of patients or healthy subjects of interest, we must raise awareness of age-related macular degeneration, the disease is more common, so the state must pay close attention, especially at home have relatively large age of the parents, or grandparents aged relatively large, they often want to look up the eyes, hope that early detection, especially over 60 years, the incidence rate may high, it is necessary to raise awareness.
Second, if it is found they have a visual distortion or a front of a shadow, often alternating left and right eye closed, take a look and found that when these symptoms as soon as possible to the relatively large, qualified the hospital for examination, and sometimes not only ophthalmoscopy, but also have the inspection equipment to early detection.
found to be dry if the age-related macular degeneration, our advice is to eat more vegetables, fruits, go out Great to wear dark glasses sun, quit smoking, eat greasy food, maintain proper weight, but also added lutein, which is large-scale tests proved that the United States, if you added lutein, trace elements, vitamins, can a considerable number of people not to late development. for wet macular degeneration in elderly, to go to the hospital to take some formal method of modern technology, formal examination and treatment, such as photodynamic therapy. In addition, you can combine a number of anti-angiogenesis drugs, injection into the vitreous cavity, now more respected combination therapy, so a multi-pronged, often a treatment is not enough, various methods have their own advantages and disadvantages and complement each other, so that the best results .
Here I would like to stress that many elderly people their mobility, only to be filial sons and daughters of the heart, their information is not well-informed, do not know the disease can rule. Today, I tell you, can cure this disease, so Be sure to tell your family, and some people think that age-related macular degeneration can not rule, anyway, have been older, do not read, this is utterly wrong, the elderly but also the quality of life, can not see is very painful, life quality greatly reduced. macular degeneration will be able to treat, as long as the various methods with properly, can keep your vision steady, and this is confidence.
I work at the Beijing Union Medical College Hospital Department of Ophthalmology, every Monday, two, three out of the morning in Beijing Union Medical College Hospital out-patient, we can come to me at this time. In addition we can contact through my personal web page I, www.chenyouxin.haodf.com and chenyouxin010.blog.sohu.com, can leave a message mentioning some problems, as long as I have the time, basically every night, and sometimes even abroad can be answered.
Sohu Health: This concludes today's interview, thank you very much the concern of friends, and Professor Chen Youxin the visit, If you have any specific questions, one can log on Professor Chen Youxin personal website to ask questions, Sohu is also Professor Chen's blog, In addition, you can go look for Professor Chen Beijing Union Medical College Hospital. Thank you!