Ancient Astronomical Instruments

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Xuanji Pier
. As documented briefly, meaning difficult to understand, since the Han Dynasty have two different views: one Lord astrology, said that a main instrument. Qian advocated Xuanji Pier is the Big Dipper, Big Dipper, the so-called l Xuanji Pier to Qi Qizheng r. Kea, the Fourth Estate, Fifth Pier, opened the sixth sun, the seventh wave of light. one to four for the Quebec, five to seven for the spoon (handle), together for the fight. Home yin yang cloth, so called Big Dipper. also also, ji are a few also, micro also, the actors change Jiwei and large, that the Xuanji the actual occurrence of Xuanji that the North Pole. . starting from the Han Dynasty that Xuanji Pier is also the instrument a lot of people, Kong Anguo said: Xuanji Pier as Kea, who is for the value to jade worth, depending on the degree of their line. not informed that the matter found by the test day provided, however, regarding the chi value. Kei Heng who is also term of the present of the armillary sphere. parts: one is upright in the ground or a stone pillar on the benchmark, after the use of Chinese bronze, called the table; a north-south direction for the flat of the foot is called Guyana. Tu Gui The length can be assumed that round solar terms, the length film from the table to determine a return to cyclical changes in (see) of the number of days. Table shadow north of the moment is the local apparent solar time (see Day) at noon, can be used to Correction clepsydra. from the not documented. the ancient Han Dynasty, said after the agreement on behalf of 8 feet high, the Western Han Dynasty (AD 544) of Tai Shi Yu Kwong Order Nanjing used in this table measuring 9 feet tall shadow, which is a rare exception. Yuan Kuo Shou-ching to the table to 36 feet high, and the top of the table plus an overhead beam from the heart to Gui Liang surface 40 feet, so to improve the accuracy of measuring impact; and create scene breaks, to address the shortcomings of the table overhead light, and can measure the impact on long plane center (see Dengfeng Observatory) . Ming Xing Yun Lu Wanli system in 60-foot table, the highest in Chinese history, the high table. to the Qing Dynasty and a 10-foot table.
It is easy to move the Tugui. Han Dynasty records, was in the beginning four years (101 BC) made of copper sheet 8 feet high, ten feet long 3 feet 1, which actually refers to the long-kyu. probably the later long-kyu similar to the high table when the GuoShouJing increase long-kyu to 128 feet accordingly. This is called the amount of days long Kyu feet. Ming has returned 8 foot table and a husband with high number of long-kyu. Qing Astronomical in watch the top of the Ming added part of it, so that the table to 10 feet high. At this time, the table will fall during the winter shadow outside Guyana. To this end, the other end of the Qing Dynasty established in Guyana, a 3-foot 5-inch high > Ancient Chinese used to determine the length of shadow cast on the sundial as a special ruler. its predecessor was, Guyana and the beginning of the copper found in the system for measuring residual long shadow at the scale of ten, the research survey, identified the scale of Ming Ying rear sight is 24.525 cm, and small feet with the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
sundial
use a table out of the shadow cast to determine the true direction and length of the instrument when the sun. also known as the the world. sundial originated in China sundial. Japan, the table is the instantaneous impact point north at noon, local apparent solar time is noon. projected onto the table top by a plane, so can any time during the day and the shadow from the sun to get the moment of reading. This instrument is the sundial. sundial parts include a table (known as the sundial pin) and the time line engraved sundial face.
sundial sundial plane placed at the direction of the horizon can be divided into the equatorial sundial sundial ﹑ ﹑ Li sundial (sundial plane parallel to the prime vertical) ﹑ inclined sundial (sundial surface placed in any other direction) and so on. sundial surface can also be made of hemispherical shape, the vertex in the center of the sphere sundial pin is the spherical sundial. If the surface of the sundial at the local latitude and solar terms sundial line engraving 13 solar terms (winter solstice each, with the remaining one every two solar term) , the direction from the table and cutting-edge video can determine the position of moral courage and time, this sundial sundial called the solar terms.
the early history of the Chinese sundial is not clear. the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has ﹑ Luoyang in Inner Mongolia to find a few pieces of Han Dynasty stone. in a square the size of the plane of two concentric circles engraved. circle at intervals of 1 / 100 arc engraved with a shallow hole where a total of 69 holes. each hole carved inward a radiation to a small circle so far. engraved with a slightly larger center hole. The stone carvings in ancient China the day together in the moment of time the system is divided into 100, some people think it is a sundial. However, they are horizon or equatorial sundial sundial, there have been different opinions. Some people think that they may not be a sundial, but a place on the ground plane, used to determine the direction or azimuth of the instrument, but can be used as the midday Water Clock Correction Bale. < br> The first record is clear and reliable sundial divided into 12 Nesbitt. center set the table. Yuan charge measured at different solar terms, the sun came Yi Chen of time required to set out as a table. but the length of time for each hour are significant differences between generations are not accepted.
About the equatorial sundial, according to Qing Mei Wen-ting said that he has a home Xuancheng sundial Tang system, but no other literature evidence. clearly recorded in the Southern Song Min Zeng first saw the line, His tribe was sighted people (the word South Zhong) invented the in order to prolonged, as members of interjection stone sundial. now Beijing Forbidden City and other places a number of the Qing Dynasty also made the preservation of the equatorial sundial stone.
Yuan Guo Shou Jing Yang created the instrument, the role of both spherical sundial. Later, North Korea ﹑ sundial produced in Japan put the kettle Yang Yang Instrument Center Xuanji board canceled, into the steeple of the sundial needle, a purely spherical sundial.
sundial solar terms, and other forms of legislation sundial sundial, etc. are probably inclined ﹑ Ming and China Europe Jesuits brought to China or by Chinese scholars to learn Euclidean geometry just after passing the re-creation of their own. Ming revelation period (AD 1621 ~ 1627) Lu Zhongyu forward to meaning in the ancient ball. Han Heng said: a real ball. armillary sphere and celestial globe celestial globe that is reflected in the instruments, which are often collectively referred to as the armillary sphere in the early stage.
armillary sphere armillary sphere in
sighting tubes, is a observation instrument, its main purpose is to Determination of faint, in the middle of the night once, and the equatorial coordinates of stars and celestial bodies, and sometimes can detect the ecliptic coordinates of longitude and horizon. Tang astronomers Chunfeng design and manufacture of armillary sphere, and its structure is divided into outer, middle and inner layer (weight). outside layer is called Kuni instrument, by the meridian Central (by double regulations), the horizon ring (gold Hun Wei Regulation) and the equatorial ring (days often ring) to form a fixed framework of the cross. Sunchime instrument called the middle, from Xuanji ring, the equatorial ring , the ecliptic ring and ring and white composition. the relative position of the ring road is fixed, but the overall thing can be rotated around the polar axis of the instrument. inner layer called the four-meter swim, the polar axis, red double-loop and peep through tubes ( Wang also called tubes) and other accessories. ascension parallel sighting tubes are sandwiched around a double-loop polar rotation. sighting tubes can rotate freely within the double ring, so they can point to any point in the sky. armillary sphere manufactured by Tang Dynasty , principle and basic structure are similar with the Chunfeng armillary sphere, but the regulation ring or other parts, components change some of Bale.
armillary sphere has a long history. when the invention, the present is hard to determine. Han astronomers had fallen Hong had such a round instrument. Gengshou Chang was measured with a round the day, month of the apparent motion. Han Jiakui add instrument in the ecliptic circle ring, brass instrument was renamed the ecliptic to the ecliptic longitude determination such Ershibasu. has been to the Northern and Southern Dynasties Zhang Zixin still using circle instrument to observe the sun, moon, star of apparent motion. and later published in the history books are often made that came to Hong armillary sphere, Zhang Zixin with armillary sphere, armillary sphere can be seen a round instrument and two different instruments, although the name of the real function of the same. early armillary sphere How to structure, no history records. have the exact record is quite Jin Dynasty had made armillary sphere hole. armillary sphere was the plane trip Hop instrument and instrument together four two-tier copper armillary sphere, celestial equator as it is to measure the coordinates of the required simple structure, each of the armillary sphere can be inferred earlier and will not stray too far. was due to the direct measurement of the movement of the sun in the ecliptic, the ecliptic ring must be increased; to directly measure the movement of the moon in the white trail, it must increase the white rings. and because the celestial Sunday rotation, Ershibasu and the ecliptic, and white and so the sky's position changing to adapt to these changes must be made ecliptic ring, and white rings and the equatorial ring can be with the celestial rotation direction of rotation, there are three e instrument generated. These are the armillary sphere in the Chunfeng be realized. However, with the armillary sphere to increase the number of rings, the sky obscured by more and more. Since the Tang dynasty onwards the development of mathematics, it has been able to master the more precise the equator , yellow or white Road interchange of three coordinate systems, therefore, Song Shen Kuo-chen first instrument to remove the three white Road Central, beginning the process simplified armillary sphere. to GuoShouJing qualitative leap occurred to create the history of the famous Jane instrument. Ming and Qing Dynasties, or the new system had also copied some of armillary sphere, but that is the aftermath, not much innovation.
the armillary sphere, the ancient Chinese also took note of the location of its installation the problem corrected. Northern Wei Ming Emperor Yong Xing years (AD 412) made the Ministry of Tai Shi Hou iron instrument (or Lingtai iron instrument) having a cross base. base has opened a ditch, in order to correct the base stabilization. Song Wong Yau three years (AD 1051) in the Yuan, Zhou Cong Huang You made such a new armillary sphere, in the Liuhe instrument also opened on the horizon ring ditch. about an awareness of the Tang Dynasty that polar ends of the hole from the armillary sphere circumpolar star observations to calibrate the instruments on Sunday sports polar direction. Song Shen Kuo development of this method to the very mature stage. Therefore, in simple instrument GuoShouJing later created a very special instrument device candidates.
celestial globe
performance of the instruments are in a big ball depicts or inlaid with stars on the equator, the ecliptic, constant implicit circle, circle, etc. were constant, and similar to modern celestial globe. Gengshou Chang celestial globe who may be the invention of the Western Han Dynasty. Han Zhang Heng's celestial globe is his design of the armillary sphere of leakage switch core. Heng, China manufactured over celestial globe, many astronomers, and most linked and hydraulic machinery (also known as Water of ancient celestial globe, celestial globe, today known as the Water), to obtain and synchronize the effects of celestial rotation Sunday , which are well-known manufacturer of the Three Kingdoms Lu Ji, Wang Fan, a Northern and Southern Dynasties and so much fun. much fun seventeen years at Southern DI Yuan Jia (AD 440), the manufacture of small celestial globe, 6-foot-6 weeks There Ershibasu, the alien government, three colors of white beads Qinghuang star, to distinguish between Gann, Shih, Wu Xian's star officer, there is the zodiac sun, moon, star. to the Tang Dynasty, a line beam to make chan day, month, augmented in the second round, it can be run around the celestial globe, and they combine, and automatic timekeeping device, creating a tradition of China's unique astronomical clock. to GuoShouJing, and only then timekeeping device and water separate from the celestial globe. are the oldest existing The celestial globe made for the early Qing Verbiest, called celestial instrument, placed in Beijing Ancient Observatory.
the Three Kingdoms, Wu Heng Ge astronomers have modified celestial globe. He put the celestial sphere around the celestial globe on behalf of the land outside the institutions into the celestial sphere, the celestial sphere rotating in still moving. To be able to see the celestial sphere of the land, the celestial sphere must be dredged pieces. this instrument called the celestial globe as ancient, and later developed into a false ceiling on the instrument. leave days instrument is the rise of people into the celestial sphere to the point of view of the inside, like the Space Theatre Planetarium today. China's first aircraft off day when the instrument is the Song Su Song, Han Gonglian and others made. papered their ladders on the celestial sphere chisel Gate > astronomer Guo Shou Jing Yuan Dynasty in China created a simplified armillary sphere astronomical measuring instruments, it is to streamline the structure of the Tang and Song of the armillary sphere and re-combination, so called simple instrument.
First, the use of traditional manufacturing GuoShouJing
History armillary sphere celestial measurements, the layers are staggered ring armillary sphere is too complicated, each block a lot of view of the sky, and impede the observation, and thus initiation of the idea of simplified armillary sphere. He removed the ecliptic circle, split horizon with the equator on which the measuring device, then the cloud and dragon pillars frame of the merger of the two, can not block the effective measurement of the rest of North and South YORK outside near the goal of the majority of sky coordinates of celestial equator, Jane Miriam has become astronomical measuring instruments in terms of GuoShouJing masterpiece.
Second, the structure and principles
1. equator equator theodolite system
also known, including the equatorial and four-meter swim.
mount Ershibasu Zhou graduated within the equatorial belt loop, jacket marked scale per hour engraved rings, two community value and had the ring center, the cloud from the Antarctic shelf and the cross supports and supporting framework; equatorial ring and sector level balance can be circling the heart turning into places in order to measure the degree of (the object and its places adjacent to the west from the star's right ascension in poor).
four main four tour tour bicyclic instrument installation on the north-south polar axis, equatorial ring stand in the Antarctic and the Arctic are connected to the heart rules the North-South double loop pole into the rotation axis around the north celestial pole; two rings engraved with Zhou degrees, straight from the support between bicyclic (two rings can also be seen as a straight slope from the heart stands for the rotation, this straight from the polar axis is also equal to) , a glimpse of its value on turning around the ring, and you see value there and built-filament cross-ear (similar to the finder crosshairs Location); as a good target objects on the set of double-loop can be read out in objects to extreme (the angle between celestial bodies and the Arctic).
National Museum of Natural Sciences simple instrument, the figure shows the outermost circle of the Arctic climate cloud frame connected to the very highest instrument, which stand between the square of the Arctic LONG Zhu the (more or black copper rings) is established horizon devices shipped Central
2. besylate
also known altazimuth system, which transport device legislation.
instrument set transport aircraft in the Arctic clouds below, then under the base ; Yin Wei Li Wan, Central, Central, vertical flat on the under, circling the heart rotation; written for the transport ring is perpendicular to rotation and stand under the cloud rack; two rings have the scale, with its glimpse on the sector and the balance at the target value objects can be read out in the ring on the scale and azimuth of celestial objects of the horizon height.
(1) designate the Antarctic polar cloud instrument
including bits on the top shelf and its regulations set within the polar ring, this increase the system can be adjusted on the equator, the polar axis direction and measuring instruments on the transit time of the North Star.
(2) This is part of the program components have been scattered
husband, measured from the direction of the Ming Dynasty replica dial into altazimuth also used as a north-south orientation.
(3) base
include: Arctic cloud frame, square frame and the base of Antarctic clouds, shelf clouds both north to south, the cloud frame carved dragon pillars exquisite lifelike swimming dragon in the clouds, cloud Ao under the supporting frame. base has bad quality instruments to measure the level of the whole level of reduction.
Third, achievement of the apparatus of the equator
system equatorial world's first device, the principle more equivalent to the current axis (ie, fork-mounts). Europe to 1598 was invented by the Danish astronomer Tycho is similar devices. The equatorial ring and four hundred engraved ring between the short cylindrical Tonggun to reduce the friction between the two, the world's first use of roller bearings on the place. In addition to value-added silk glimpse of measurement, and the ring and also increased in the sub-scale under observation was greatly improved accuracy and convenience.
Fourth, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of China stamps
December 1, 1962 Issue Number gold is GuoShouJing bust, the other a simple instrument m its representative. But stamps not very careful when drawing simple instrument, can not see three-dimensional equatorial device with detailed and lead to the illusion.
five, finished whereabouts
GuoShouJing then placed in the production of most of the original instrument Secretary Jane roof (now Beijing Jian Guo Men Nei Avenue northbound Academy of Social Sciences), was moved to cock mountain observatory to seven years of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1668) moved back to Beijing, However, fifty-four years of Emperor Kangxi in the Qing (AD 1715) was intentional safety management discipline as a missionary and melting of scrap copper.
six, imitation and copy
Jane the oldest instrument in the Ming Zhengtong two years (1437 years) of the system by Kuo Shou-ching and the original copy placed in Nanjing, the Ming and Qing dynasties Astronomical this measure in the Beijing Ancient Observatory for 1900, eight-aggression, Germany on December 12 shipped in the demolition of the Jane Miriam Dong Jiao Min Xiang collection of the French diplomatic mission to the pressure of world public opinion in 1902 was forced to return to the Qing government in June .1933, simple instrument for fleeing the fighting moved south of Nanjing, in early February 1934 to settle in the Purple Mountain Observatory, but after wind and rain, resulting in spalling of corrosion has been almost destroyed in the early 1980s, authorities in Nanjing in 1988 took 11 months for maintenance of the instrument is now on display at the Nanjing Purple Mountain Observatory, open-air exhibition, Jane other copies of instruments all this as a blueprint for replication. This simple instrument body to bronze, about 2.84 meters long and 4.4 meters wide and 2.98 m and weighing about 14 tons. structural stability, process gorgeous, almost see the tall, exquisite distance; a reflection of Chinese Ancient science and technology, metallurgy and mechanical manufacturing techniques and other aspects of crystalline .1993 August, the National Museum of Natural Science in Taichung, Taiwan on display copies of the actual proportion of production (in addition to armillary sphere and clock tower replica), now in the Museum, Vice pieces placed in the Beijing Ancient Observatory on the display.
another in Xingtai, Hebei Province of the Simply copy storage device.

China Yuan Yang instrument created an astronomer Guo Shou-jing astronomical instruments. It's shaped like a flat pan, two feet ten feet in diameter (Yuan Astronomy feet). pot Time and location on top carved mouth, which is equivalent horizon circle, there are even sink to the level of correction. In the southern mouth of the pot and put things to the one north-south pole. hemisphere from north to south pole extends to the center of the top installation of a small square plate, called Xuanji board. panels can turn north-south and east-west. board central open a small hole, hole location right in the center of the hemisphere. hemisphere in the Yang-meter surface inscribed within the equatorial horizon Coordinate network. However, this network and celestial coordinates coordinates network, something contrary to the South Pole instead Arctic. Turn Xuanji board, it is the sun. sunlight through the hole in the spherical surface imaging, from the coordinates of the sun can be read online at once the number and time to extreme angle, can be seen the local apparent solar time and season. Yang instrument is basically a spherical sundial. However, the Yang device features than the spherical sundial wide, it can determine the time of solar eclipse occurs, it can be estimated azimuth of the solar eclipse, eclipse, and eclipse the number of occurrence of the whole process. It can even position of the moon and the eclipse observation situation. The plane instrument using the principle of pinhole imaging, avoiding the eye of a strong direct sunlight for observation. Yang instrument spread to Korea and Japan, the abolition of the Xuanji board, into the steeple of the sundial pin, thus becoming purely sundial, sundial known as the Yang-kettle.
astrolabe (planispheric astrolabe)
a measurement altitude and the instrument may be the Greek astronomer Hipparchus (second century BC people) invented, it was also said earlier Awa Clooney (third century BC people) are created. The earliest extant literature discussed chart over the Greek astronomer old man (Theon) of the book (about AD 375.) Manufacturing in the Yuan Dynasty of China had this equipment (1267), in the Ming Dynasty had translated two books on the chart, the Illustrated cover through the Constitution vertical suspension, who is currently aligned with the sun or star sighting tubes, from the disk can get them on the side of the scale height. in the front plate, useful stereographic projection method to draw the star pattern and horizon coordinate grid. chart only the brightest star and the ecliptic, the equator. Horizon Coordinates are in the center of the high zenith and azimuth circle. horizon coordinate grid below, star in the last, which is drawn with a transparent material. by the observation by the sun height, will be the day the sun is at the location to observe the height of ring, the two intersect at one point. This is the center line and the disk (with swim-foot) with carved circles in the intersection when the edge is observing time. know that the sun's declination and the day of the high noon, you can also find the observation in latitude. This instrument can also be based on different needs, the disk to add other things such as measuring the shadow of scale, compass and symbols used in astrology. It can be used in teaching, navigation and surveying, in Europe and the Islamic world have long-term use until the mid-eighteenth century was replaced for the sextant.
clepsydra (clepsydra)
ancient measured by the amount of time to drip an instrument. clepsydra by time can be divided into two methods: one is the observation of water leakage inside the container to measure the time reduction, called the discharge type clepsydra; other is the observation container (the bottom without holes) into the water to their situation within the measured time, called by the water-clepsydra. In some ancient civilizations, such as China, Egypt, Babylon, etc., are used clepsydra. Babylon general use outlet type clepsydra; Egyptians used two types, but by the use of water-clepsydra later, are more rare. clepsydra also known as Chinese carved leakage. clepsydra first inserted in clepsydra a benchmark, called as arrows. arrows with one Jianzhou holding, floating on the water. flowing out or into the pot, the arrows sinking or rising, to indicate time. The former type clepsydra discharge, called Shen arrow missed; The latter is affected by water-clepsydra, called the floating arrows leakage. The two types of arrows collectively drain. the other is a drop of water to measure the weight of time, called the leak, said. In addition, there is an hourglass with sand on behalf of the water . Chinese history, most used, most widely circulated is the arrow missed. clepsydra the invention of the era has not been determined. Well, ; Fire Code very common. early clepsydra, has no memory. clepsydra Western Han Dynasty have been found in three, respectively the city is in Hebei, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi Xingping found in Ih Ju League. This is the same type of three clepsydra are copper pots single outlet type, size, slightly different. pot in the shape of a cylinder, three feet under, the side near the bottom of the hole, install the drip tubes, pot on his bucket, the central beam has a rectangular The hole, upright arrows to help. single outlet type or by the water-clepsydra simple structure, easy to use. However, the water flow speed and the amount of pot on a single pot of water with only clepsydra reduction, water speed is also slower. Thus, a direct impact on the stability and accuracy of timing. then people think the drain plus a drain on the kettle kettle, with water flowing above the pot of water to supplement the following, they can raise the following pot water stability. However, this approach only applies to water-clepsydra, so discharge type clepsydra will soon be eliminated. invented ways to increase the supply pot, people will naturally think, you can supply the pot supplies on top of pot to form a multi-level clepsydra. resupply the use of pot about the late Eastern Han Dynasty began in the early Western Han Dynasty. Han Heng has been used two clepsydra, which supplies a clepsydra and a pot (no water by the bottom pot, the same below), Jin emerged out of a set of three bottles, Lu Tang Dynasty was designed set of four clepsydra. Song Yan Su has invented another way. He's in the middle of a pot the top to open a hole, so the above to the excess water from this watershed hole overflow automatically, so that the water level constant. Yan Su created the clepsydra called Lotus leak, the Northern Song Dynasty had popular throughout the country. per extension for three years (AD 1316) and a clepsydra, now preserved in the Beijing Museum of Chinese History, is a three clepsydra. Palace Museum in Beijing with such a large system like a clepsydra the Qing Dynasty.
According to records, the earliest known maker leak Northern Road is the fifth century AD, Shi Lilan. said leakage prevalent in the Tang and Song. It is a structure hanging scale, hanging in the balance by the kettle on the hook to the scoops in the weight of the water measured by time. provisions by Li Lan, a liter of water, a pound weight gain, via the moment. weighbeam can also change the time scale on the weight of the scale, thus directly read out the number of times. hourglass found in the earliest records of Yuan Dynasty, hourglass made purpose is to avoid the water due to temperature changes may affect the timing accuracy. The principle is through quicksand to promote the gear, so the pointer at the moment plate indication moment. in the early Ming Zhan Xi Yuan create five hourglass, a week later academic writing improved for six hourglass. But the quicksand easily blocked use is not widespread.
Ancient Water Clock
an isochronous timing system. 100 engraved on one day and night, in the clepsydra arrow is carved by this time. Xu Shen, scholars believe that hundreds may have originated in the Shang dynasty, engraving.
carved parallel to the 100 day and night there is a 12 hour day and night into the system by 12 hour inter .100 moment, each hour is equal to 8 moment. because 100 can not be engraved divisible by 12, 100 and 12-hour difficult moment with. Han Jianping years (5 years BC) and taken home three years (AD 8), day and night 100 to 120 engraving engraved, but not long passage that is waste. Emperor Wu-day Southern prison six years (AD 507) had changed to 96 a day and night moment, Datong years (AD 544 years) was changed to 108, carved, and only pass for decades. to Chen Wendi (about AD 563 years) history of Zhu made leak, and restored hundreds engraving, Tang and Song dynasties, still a hundred engraved method. ancient day to day is also divided into leakage and leakage are two nights, that is clearly a long day by day the number of moment, the night How long is the moment, day and night, usually the sun come and go as the Water Clock standards. provisions of the winter solstice day and missed 40 carved, engraved night drain 60; summer solstice day and missed 60 carved, engraved night drain 40; spring day and night, 50 engraved. night hours just before dawn, each five more points (chips). As twilight relationship, in fact, not before sunrise ﹑ at some time after, the day is still bright. To observe faint ﹑ once in stars, faint ﹑ Dan must have a certain standard time. ancient times has also been provided for this. about the provisions in the Qin and Han dynasties ago, after a quarter and at no moment was stunning sunrise ﹑ Once the first three hours after the Qin and Han did not change it for the faint of half an hour half the time Dan ﹑. This requirement has been in use to the late Ming. the required faint, Dan moment later, the meaning of day and night has also been changed accordingly, from Dan to faint for the day, from dusk to Dan for the night.
winter solstice and summer solstice as the time interval 182 to 183 days, day and night difference between the 20 Water Clock moment, therefore the provisions in the Eastern Han Dynasty from the previous winter, the drain every day by 9 minute, starting from the corresponding decrease in the moment of the summer solstice. In fact the daily changes in day length are not equal, the error may reach two ﹑ a quarter. After the Eastern Han Dynasty Water Clock increasingly precise measurements, since the permanent element fourteen years (AD 102 years), the follow the sun to the extreme, every second quarter of the Water Clock moment of change. Although this is an approximation, it has reasonable than the previous method Qing Dynasty. then, turn to 96 per engraving lithography, and 12 hour match.
leaking transfer armillary sphere
Han Zhang Heng was created by a scientist astronomical instruments, referred to as the armillary sphere, celestial globe is a water transport (see armillary sphere and the celestial globe). It is a more than four feet in diameter copper ball, the ball is engraved with Ershibasu ﹑ yellow equator in the alien officers and polar ﹑ ﹑ ﹑ constant solar terms were round circles ﹑ circle of perpetual occultation, etc. (see objects as movement). a set of rotating machinery, the celestial globe and clepsydra together. to clepsydra water control was fully assembled, making it synchronous rotation with the celestial sphere, to show Sunday as the sports stars, such as the stars come and go, and transit and so on. This aircraft instruments and a subsidiary body called the Swiss round pods, is a mechanical calendar. It has the drive and the celestial globe connected starting from the first day every month, every birth to a leaf; half months after that, a fall of a leaf . leakage switch to using a two clepsydra armillary sphere. It is now the earliest known records of about two clepsydra. It's scoop is two, each a gold fairy on the lid, hold the left arrow, right refers to the moment. an indication of the time of day, an indication of the time at night. armillary sphere leaking transfer to China the impact was significant astronomical instruments. Tang and Song ﹑ since it developed on the basis of more sophisticated and better performing equipment and the Sky astronomical clock.

armillary armillary sphere ﹑ celestial globe, the Northern Song Dynasty and timekeeping devices that combine large-scale astronomical instrument is ﹑ Hangong Lian Su Song, who design and manufacture. Songyuan You first year (1086) began to design, to be completed seven years .... Yuanyou